Main description:

This compilation examines international standards relating to the use of antimicrobials, covering their full life cycle and impacts on human, animal and environmental health. It identifies existing instruments and standards in order to both guide their implementation and inform discussions for the development of future instruments on antimicrobial use.

The compilation is structured around the life cycle of antimicrobials: production, marketing authorization and regulatory approval; selection, procurement and supply; responsible and prudent use; and, ultimately, disposal by the end user. Environmental instruments are included throughout this life cycle, as antimicrobial emissions into the environment can occur at different stages, from spillage during the production process to the disposal of expired products and related waste and wastewater.

In terms of methodology used to collect information, the initial search examined relevant databases and instruments from organizations that play a leading international role in managing antimicrobial resistance, particularly the OIE, FAO, UNEP and WHO.