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Triatominae - The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors
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Main description:

This book aims to present updated knowledge on various aspects of the natural history, biology, and impact of triatomines to all interested readers. Each chapter will be written by authorities in the respective field, covering topics such as behavior, neurophysiology, immunology, ecology, and evolution. The contents will consider scientific, as well as innovative perspectives, on the problems related to the role of triatomine bugs as parasite vectors affecting millions in the Latin American region.


Contents:

Contents

1 Origin and evolution of Triatominae

1.1 Background

1.2 Searching for the closest predatory relative of Triatominae

1.3 Evolutionary relationships within Triatominae

1.4 Relationships within Rhodniini

1.5 Relationships within Triatomini

1.6 Implications for the evolution of Triatominae

References

2 Taxonomy

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Historical background

2.3 Taxonomy of the Triatominae, from De Geer to the DNA

2.3.1 The beginning

2.3.2 Contributions to a taxonomy non-strictly morphologic

2.4 Classification

2.4.1 Hemiptera-Heteroptera (truebugs)

2.4.2 Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 (assassin bugs)

2.4.3 Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (kissing bugs; cone-nose bugs)

2.4.4 Tribes and genera

2.4.4.1 Triatomini Jeannel, 1919 (the most speciose tribe)

2.4.4.2 Rhodniini Pinto, 1926 (genera well characterized, species cryptics)

2.4.4.3 Bolboderini Usinger, 1944 (small genera)

2.4.4.4 Cavernicolini Usinger, 1944 (small triatomines, cave specialized)

2.4.4.5 Alberproseniini Martinez and Carcavallo, 1977 (the smallest triatomine)

2.5 Conclusions

References

3 Speciation Processes in Triatominae

3.1 Towards a unified species concept

3.2 Insect diversity and speciation

3.3 Overconservative systematics and the paraphyly of Triatoma

3.4 Phenotypic plasticity and classical taxonomy

3.5 Tempo and mode of triatomine speciation

3.5.1 Fast or slow diversification?

3.5.1.1 Triatoma rubrofasciata and Old World Triatominae

3.5.1.2 The origin of Rhodnius prolixus

3.5.2 Vicariance and allopatric triatomine speciation

3.5.2.1 Rhodnius robustus and the Refugium theory

3.5.2.2 Triatoma rubida and the Baja California peninsula

3.5.2.3 Triatoma dimidiata and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec

3.5.3 Parapatric/sympatric triatomine speciation

3.5.3.1 Triatoma brasiliensis complex and the homoploid hybridization hypothesis

3.5.3.2 The Rhodnius pallescens - R. colombiensis: a case of sympatric speciation?

3.6 Towards an integrative and evolutionarily sound taxonomy

References

4 Chromosome structure and evolution of Triatominae: A review

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Chromosome numbers in Triatominae

4.3 Sex chromosome systems

4.4 B chromosomes

4.5 Genome size in triatomines

4.6 Cytogenetic studies of hybrids

4.7 Longitudinal differentiation of triatomine chromosomes

4.7.1 C-banding

4.7.2 Fluorochrome banding

4. 7.3 Chromosomal location of ribosomal genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

4.7.4 Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and DNA probes

4.7.5 Y chromosome in Triatominae

4.7.6. X chromosome in Triatominae

4.8. Perspectives and Challenges

References

5 Embryonic development of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus

5.1 General observations of insect development

5.2 Oogenesis and embryogenesis in model species and their relevance to R. prolixus embryology

5.3 Historical role of R. prolixus embryonic development studies

5.4 Recent advances in the studies of R. prolixus embryonic development

5.5 Future directions of R. prolixus embryogenesis research

References

6 Anatomy of the nervous system of triatomines

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The nervous system of triatomines

6.2.1 General morphology

6.2.2 The Brain

6.2.2.1 Protocerebrum

6.2.2.2 Deutocerebrum

6.2.2.3 Tritocerebrum

6.2.3 The ventral nerve cord

6.3 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

7 Biogenic monoamines in the control of triatomine physiology with emphasis on Rhodnius prolixus

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

7.2.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal

7.2.2 Distribution

7.2.3 Receptors

7.2.4 Physiological relevance of serotonin in R. prolixus

7.2.4.1 Serotonin as a neurohormone

7.2.4.2 Coordination of feeding

7.2.4.3 Salivary secretions

7.3. Octopamine (OA)

7.3.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal

7.3.2 Distribution

7.3.3 Receptors

7.3.4 Physiological relevance of OA in R. prolixus

7.4 Tyramine (TA)

7.4.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal

7.4.2 Distribution

7.4.3 Receptors

7.4.4 Physiological Relevance of TA in R. prolixus

7.5 Dopamine (DA)

7.5.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal

7.5.2 Receptors

7.5.3 Distribution

7.5.4 Physiological relevance of DA in R. prolixus

7.5.4.1 Reproductive physiology

7.5.4.2 Feeding-related activities

7.5.4.3 Cuticle

7.6 Histamine (HA)

7.6.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal

7.6.2 Distribution

7.6.3 Receptors

7.6.4 Physiological relevance of HA in R. prolixus

7.6.4.1 Salivary secretions

7.7 Concluding remarks

8 Structure and physiology of the neuropeptidergic system of triatomines

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Structure of the neuroendocrine system in triatomines

8.3 Functional studies on the neuropeptide systems of triatomines

8.4 Concluding remarks

References

9 Sensory biology of triatomines 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The visual system 9.2.1 The compound eyes 9.2.2 The ocelli 9.2.3 Sensory aspects of vision 9.3 The olfactory sense 9.3.1 The antennae 9.3.2 Sensory features of olfaction 9.4 The taste sense 9.4.1 Sensory aspects of taste 9.5 The thermal sense 9.5.1 Sensory aspects of thermoreception 9.6 Mechanoreception 9.6.1 Sensory aspects of mechanoreception 9.7 Concluding remarks References

10 The behaviour of kissing-bugs

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Host search and feeding behaviour

10.3 Sexual behaviour

10.4 Aggregation and alarm

10.5 Learning and memory

10.6 Triatomine chronobiology

10.7 Behavioural manipulation

10.8 Perspectives and research needs

References

11 Features of interaction between triatomines and vertebrates based on bug feeding parameters

11.1 Initial considerations

11.2 General view of hematophagy

11.3 Triatomine blood feeding characteristics

11.4 Birds vs mammal hosts

11.5 Saliva and salivation during blood feeding

11.6 Triatomine-host interface

11.6.1 Triatomine-host endothelium

11.6.2 Triatomine-host blood

11.7 Final comments

References

12 Blood Digestion in Triatomine Insects

12.1 Triatomine evolution - you are what you eat but also what your ancestors used to eat

12.2 Triatomine midgut morphology: unique compartments

12.3 Digestive enzymes and metabolite handling

12.4 Proteins and molecules without enzymatic activity

12.5 Heme, iron, and redox metabolism in the triatomine gut

12.6 Triatomine midgut immunity and physiology in a microbial world: simplicity

turns into a complex scenario

12.7 Final remarks

References

13 The physiology of sperm transfer and egg production in vectors of Chagas disease with particular reference to Rhodnius prolixus.

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Sperm Transfer

13.2.1 Copulation

13.2.2 Mechanisms facilitating copulation

13.2.3 Sperm delivered to the spermathecae

13.2.4 The Aedeagus

13.2.5 Sperm delivery to the vagina

13.3 Egg production associated with feeding

13.3.1 Characteristics of the blood meal

13.3.2 Endocrine control of egg production

13.3.3 Initiation by the blood meal

13.3.4 Functional anatomy of the retrocerebral complex

13.4 Conclusion

References

14 The Immune System of Triatomines

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Physical Barriers, Cuticle Structure, and Wound Repair 14.2.1 Cuticle 14.2.2 Intestinal Epithelium and Perimicrovillar 14.2.3 Membrane(PMM) 14.2.4 Wound Repair 14.3 Humoral Immunity 14.3.1 Recognition and Signal Transduction 14.3.2 Humoral Effector Molecules 14.3.3 Lectins 14.3.4 Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species 14.4 Cellular Immunity 14.4.1 Hemocytes 14.4.2 Phagocytosis, Nodulation, Encapsulation and Melanization 14.4.3 Regulation of Cellular Responses 14.5 Triatomines and Microbiota 14.6 Triatomines and Trypanosomes 14.7 Conclusions References

15 Interaction of triatomines with their bacterial microbiota and trypanosomes

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The microbiota of triatomines

15.3 Interactions of triatomines with T. cruzi

15.3.1 The parasite

15.3.2 Development of T. cruzi in the vector - effects of the vector on T. cruzi

15.3.2.1 Development of T. cruzi in the anterior midgut

15.3.2.2 Development of T. cruzi in the posterior midgut

15.3.2.3 Development of T. cruzi in the rectum

15.3.3 Effects of T. cruzi on triatomines

15.3.3.1 Effects of T. cruzi on the development of triatomines

15.3.3.2 Effects on behavior

15.3.3.3 Effects on immunity

15.3.3.4 Interaction of T. cruzi and the microbiota of triatomines

15.4 Interactions of triatomines with T. rangeli

15.4.1 The parasite

15.4.2 Development of T. rangeli in the vector and effects of the vector on T. rangeli

15.4.2.1 Development of T. rangeli in the midgut

15.4.2.2 Development in the hemolymph

15.4.2.3 Development in the salivary glands

15.4.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomines

15.4.3.1 Effects of T. rangeli on the development of triatomines

15.4.3.2 Effects of T. rangeli on the behavior of triatomines

15.4.3.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomine immunity

15.4.3.4 Interaction of T. rangeli and the microbiota of triatomines

15.5 Conclusions and open questions

References

16 The ecology and natural history of wild Triatominae in the Americas

16.1. Introduction

16.1.1. The Triatominae

16.1.2. Foraging lifestyles in the Triatominae: 'sit-and-wait' nest specialists vs. 'stalker' host generalists

16.2. 'Sit-and-wait' nest specialists

16.2.1. Underground nests

16.2.1.1. Armadillo burrows

16.2.2. Ground nests

16.2.2.1. Woodrat nests

16.2.2.2. Other mammal ground nests

16.2.3. Arboreal nests

16.2.3.1. Arboreal bird nests

16.2.3.2. Arboreal mammal nests

16.2.4. Bat roosts

16.3. 'Stalker' host generalists

16.3.1. Terrestrial microhabitats

16.3.1.1. Caves

16.3.1.2. Rocks and stones

16.3.1.3. Terrestrial plant microhabitats

16.3.2. Arboreal microhabitats

16.3.2.1. Trees

16.3.2.3. Epiphytes

16.4. Closing remarks

References

17 Eco-epidemiology of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in domestic habitats

17.1 Background

17.2 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to the Vector

17.2.1 Species and Epidemiologic Relevance

17.2.2 Domesticity and Vector Abundance

17.2.3 Habitat Use and Quality

17.2.4 Host Availability and Accessibility

17.2.5 Blood-feeding Performance

17.2.6 Environmental Variables

17.2.7 Population Dynamics and Vital Rates

17.3 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to Parasite Transmission

17.3.1 Parasite Diversity

17.3.2 Domestic Reservoir Hosts

17.3.3 Human Infection

17.3.4 Host Infectiousness

17.3.5 Vector Competence

17.3.6 Transmission Dynamics

17.4 Social Determinants of Domestic Transmission

17.4.1 Socio-economic Factors

17.4.2 Ethnicity

17.4.3 Human Migration and Mobility

17.4.4 Interactions Between Social and Ecological Factors

17.5 Scaling up from Household- to Population-level Transmission

References

18 Chagas Disease Vector Control

18.1 Background

18.2 Species and Epidemiological Relevance

18.3 Vector Detection Methods

18.4 Historical Overview of Triatomine Control

18.5 Vector Control Methods

18.5.1 Chemical Vector Control

18.5.1.1 Residual House Spraying

18.5.1.2 Insecticidal Paints and Fumigant Canisters

18.5.1.3 Xenointoxication and Insecticide-impregnated Materials

18.5.2 Housing Improvement

18.5.3 Biological and Genetic Control

18.6 Current Challenges and Opportunities

References

19 Insecticide resistance in triatomines

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Populations resistant to insecticides

19.3 Resistance profiles

19.4 Resistance Mechanisms

19.5 Inheritance and genetic basis of insecticide resistance

19.6 Pleiotropic effects of the insecticide resistance

19.7 Environmental factors associated with insecticide resistance

19.8 Management of insecticide resistance

References

20 Perspectives in triatomine biology studies: "Omics"- based approaches

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Omics applications: Consideration of technologies, analysis pipelines, and outcomes for entomological projects

20.2.1 Genome projects

20.2.2 Transcriptomic studies based on RNA-Seq

20.2.3 Metagenomic analyses

20.2.4 Metabolomic studies

20.3. Metagenomics and metabolomic studies associated with triatomines

20.4. The Rhodnius prolixus genome project and its impact

20.5. Transcriptomic studies in Triatomines

20.6. Perspectives

20.6.1 Comparative genomics

20.6.2 Hybridization and introgression events

20.6.3 Population dynamics and vector control

20.6.4 Insecticide resistance in laboratory colonies

20.6.5 Molecular basis of triatomine behavior

20.6.6 Exploitation of sequencing technologies for new insights into biological adaptations

20.6.7 Triatomine-trypanosome interaction

20.6.8 Ecdysis in hemimetabolous insects

References


PRODUCT DETAILS

ISBN-13: 9783030645502
Publisher: Springer (Springer Nature Switzerland AG)
Publication date: July, 2022
Pages: 620
Weight: 985g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Microbiology, Veterinary Medicine

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