Main description:

Natural compounds, which have evolved their function over millions of years, are often more efficient than man-made compounds if a specific biological activity is needed, e.g. as an enzyme inhibitor or as a toxin to kill a cancer cell. This book comprising of sixteen technical chapters, highlights the chemical and biological aspects of potential natural products with an intention of unravelling their pharmaceutical applicability in modern drug discovery processes.
Key features: * Covers the synthesis, semi-synthesis and also biosynthesis of potentially bioactive natural products * Features chemical and biological advances in naturally occurring organic compounds describing their chemical transformations, mode of actions, and structure-activity relationships *40 expert scientists from around the world report their latest findings and outline future opportunities for the development of novel and highly potent drugs based on natural products operating at the interface of chemistry and biology * Forward-looking: Addresses opportunities and cutting-edge developments rather than well-documented basic knowledge, pinpoints current trends and future directions in this rapidly-evolving field * Application-oriented: Throughout the book, the focus is on actual and potential applications in pharmacology and biotechnology This book is an essential resource for natural products chemists, medicinal chemists, biotechnologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, as well as the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries.

Contents:

Foreword VII Preface XXI About the Editor XXV List of Contributors XXVII 1 An Overview 1 Goutam Brahmachari 2 Use of Chemical Genomics to Investigate the Mechanism of Action for Inhibitory Bioactive Natural Compounds 9 Daniel Burnside, Houman Moteshareie, Imelda G. Marquez, Mohsen Hooshyar, BahramSamanfar, Kristina Shostak, Katayoun Omidi, Harry E. Peery,Myron L. Smith, and Ashkan Golshani 2.1 Introduction: Antibiotic Resistance and the Use of Natural Products as a Source for Novel Antimicrobials 9 2.2 Chemical Genetics and Genomics 10 2.3 Development of GDA Technology 11 2.3.1 The Use of Gene Deletion Arrays (GDAs) to Investigate MOA 12 2.3.2 Chemical Genetic Interactions 12 2.3.3 Quantifying Genetic and Chemical Genetic Interactions 14 2.3.4 Data Analysis 15 2.3.5 Platforms for Chemical Genomic GDA Studies 17 2.3.6 Why Screen Natural Products in GDAs? 19 2.3.7 Successful Applications of GDA Technology 21 2.4 Concluding Remarks 22 Abbreviations 24 References 24 3 High-Throughput Drug Screening Based on Cancer Signaling in Natural Product Screening 33 Xinxin Zhang, Yuping Du, and Jinbo Yang 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Cancer Signaling Pathways with Their Own Drug Screening Assays in HTS 35 3.2.1 -Galactosidase Enzyme Complementation Assays for EGFR Signaling Drug Screening 35 3.2.2 Fluorescence Superquenching Assays for PI3Ks Signaling Drug Screening 35 3.2.3 TOP Flash Reporter Gene Assays forWnt Signaling Drug Screening 36 3.2.4 Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays for STATs Signaling Drug Screening 37 3.3 Concluding Remarks 37 Abbreviations 38 References 38 4 Immunosuppressants: Remarkable Microbial Products 43 Preeti Vaishnav, Young J. Yoo, Yeo J. Yoon, and Arnold L. Demain 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Discovery 44 4.3 Mode of Action 47 4.4 Biosynthesis 49 4.4.1 Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate, Methionine, and Valine as Precursors of the Macrolide Rings of Sirolimus, Ascomycin, and Tacrolimus 49 4.4.2 Pipecolate Moiety of the Macrolide Ring of Sirolimus, Ascomycin, and Tacrolimus 52 4.4.3 The Final Step in Biosynthesis of Ascomycins and Tacrolimus 55 4.4.4 Formation of the Substituted Cyclohexyl Moiety of Sirolimus, Tacrolimus, and Ascomycins 58 4.4.5 Biosynthesis of Cyclosporin 61 4.5 Genetics and Strain Improvement 63 4.6 Fermentation and Nutritional Studies 65 4.7 Other Activities of Immunosuppressants 69 4.8 Concluding Remarks 71 Acknowledgments 72 References 72 5 Activators and Inhibitors of ADAM-10 for Management of Cancer and Alzheimer s Disease 83 Prajakta Kulkarni, Manas K. Haldar, and Sanku Mallik 5.1 Introduction to ADAM Family of Enzymes 83 5.2 ADAM-10 Structure and Physiological Roles 85 5.3 Pathological Significance 85 5.3.1 Modulating ADAM Activity in Neurodegeneration 85 5.3.2 ADAM-10 in Cancer Pathology 86 5.4 ADAM-10 as Potential Drug Target 87 5.5 Synthetic Inhibitors of ADAM-10 88 5.6 Natural Products as Activators and Inhibitors for ADAM-10 92 5.7 Natural Products as ADAM-10 Activators 93 5.7.1 Ginsenoside R 94 5.7.2 Curcuma longa 94 5.7.3 Ginkgo biloba 95 5.7.4 Green Tea 95 5.8 Natural Products as ADAM-10 Inhibitors 96 5.8.1 Triptolide 96 5.8.1.1 Novel Derivatives and Carriers of Triptolide 98 5.9 Concluding Remarks 99 Abbreviations 99 References 99 6 Structure and Biological Activity of Polyether Ionophores and Their Semisynthetic Derivatives 107 Micha^3 Antoszczak, Jacek Rutkowski, and Adam Huczy'nski 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Structures of Polyether Ionophores and Their Derivatives 108 6.2.1 Monensin and Its Derivatives 112 6.2.2 Salinomycin and Its Derivatives 117 6.2.3 Lasalocid Acid A and Its Derivatives 118 6.2.4 Other Polyether Ionophores 125 6.2.4.1 Ionophores with Monensin Skeleton 125 6.2.4.2 Polyether Ionophores with Dianemycin Skeleton 126 6.3 Chemical Properties of Polyether Ionophores and Their Derivatives 130 6.3.1 Complexes of Ionophores with Metal Cations 130 6.3.2 Mechanism of Cation Transport 132 6.4 Biological Activity 133 6.4.1 Antibacterial Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives 135 6.4.2 Antifungal Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives 140 6.4.3 Antiparasitic Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives 141 6.4.4 Antiviral Activity of Polyether Antibiotics 144 6.4.5 Anticancer Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives 145 6.5 Concluding Remarks 153 Abbreviations 154 References 155 7 Bioactive Flavaglines: Synthesis and Pharmacology 171 Christine Basmadjian, Qian Zhao, Armand de Gramont, Maria Serova, Sandrine Faivre, Eric Raymond, Stephan Vagner, Caroline Robert, Canan G. Nebigil, and Laurent Desaubry 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Biosynthetic Aspects 172 7.3 Synthesis of Flavaglines 174 7.3.1 Chemical Syntheses 174 7.3.2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Flavaglines 179 7.3.3 Synthesis of Silvestrol (6) 182 7.4 Pharmacological Properties of Flavaglines 184 7.4.1 Anticancer Activity 184 7.4.2 Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressant Activities 190 7.4.3 Cytoprotective Activity 190 7.4.4 Antimalarial Activities 191 7.5 Structure Activity Relationships (SARs) 192 7.6 Concluding Remarks 192 Abbreviations 193 References 194 8 Beneficial Effect of Naturally Occurring Antioxidants against Oxidative Stress Mediated Organ Dysfunctions 199 Pabitra B. Pal, Shatadal Ghosh, and Parames C. Sil 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants 200 8.2.1 Mangiferin and Its Beneficial Properties 200 8.2.1.1 Antioxidant Activity of Mangiferin 200 8.2.1.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Mangiferin 201 8.2.1.3 Immunomodulatory Effect 202 8.2.1.4 Antidiabetic Activity 203 8.2.1.5 Iron Complexing Activity of Mangiferin 205 8.2.1.6 Mangiferin Protects against Mercury-Induced Toxicity 205 8.2.1.7 Mangiferin Protects Murine Liver against Pb(II) Induced Hepatic Damage 206 8.2.2 Arjunolic Acid 207 8.2.2.1 Cardioprotective Effects of Arjunolic Acid 208 8.2.2.2 Antidiabetic Activity 211 8.2.2.3 Arjunolic Acid Protects Organs from Acetaminophen (APAP)-Induced Toxicity 211 8.2.2.4 Arjunolic Acid Protects Liver from Sodium Fluoride-Induced Toxicity 212 8.2.2.5 Protection against Arsenic-Induced Toxicity 212 8.2.2.6 Mechanism of Action of Arjunolic Acid 214 8.2.3 Baicalein 214 8.2.3.1 Baicalein Protects Human Melanocytes from H2O2-Induced Apoptosis 215 8.2.3.2 Protection against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity 215 8.2.4 Silymarin 216 8.2.4.1 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Silymarin 216 8.2.4.2 Metabolism of Silymarin 217 8.2.4.3 Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin 217 8.2.4.4 Protective Effect of Silydianin against Reactive Oxygen Species 219 8.2.4.5 Diabetes and Silymarin 219 8.2.4.6 Silibinin Protects H9c2 Cardiac Cells from Oxidative Stress 219 8.2.4.7 Silymarin Protects Liver from Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Damage 220 8.2.4.8 Silymarin and Hepatoprotection 220 8.2.4.9 Stimulation of Liver Regeneration 221 8.2.5 Curcumin 221 8.2.5.1 Chemical Composition of Turmeric 222 8.2.5.2 Metabolism of Curcumin 222 8.2.5.3 Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin 222 8.2.5.4 Diabetes and Curcumin 225 8.2.5.5 Efficacy of Biodegradable Curcumin Nanoparticles in Delaying Cataract in Diabetic Rat Model 226 8.3 Concluding Remarks 227 Abbreviations 227 References 228 9 Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Their Analogs: Nucleic Acid and Protein Binding Aspects, and Therapeutic Potential for Drug Design 241 Gopinatha S. Kumar 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Their Analogs 243 9.2.1 Berberine 243 9.2.1.1 Interaction of Berberine with Deoxyribonucleic Acids 244 9.2.1.2 DNA Binding of Berberine Analogs 245 9.2.1.3 Binding of Berberine and Analogs to Polymorphic DNA Conformations 248 9.2.1.4 Interaction of Berberine and Analogs with Ribonucleic Acids 253 9.2.1.5 Interaction of Berberine and Analogs with Proteins 258 9.2.2 Palmatine 260 9.2.2.1 Interaction of Palmatine and Analogs to Deoxyribonucleic Acids 261 9.2.2.2 Interaction of Palmatine with RNA 262 9.2.2.3 Interactions of Palmatine with Proteins 264 9.2.3 Other Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Jatrorrhizine, Copticine, and Analogs DNA/RNA and Protein Interactions 266 9.3 Concluding Remarks 267 Acknowledgments 268 Abbreviations 268 References 269 10 The Potential of Peptides and Depsipeptides from Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in the Fight against Human Protozoan Diseases 279 Jean Fotie 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Antiprotozoan Peptides and Depsipeptides of Natural Origin and Their Synthetic Analogs 281 10.2.1 Apicidins 281 10.2.2 Almiramides and Dragonamides 282 10.2.3 Balgacyclamides 285 10.2.4 Beauvericins and Allobeauvericin 286 10.2.5 Aerucyclamides 286 10.2.6 Chondramides and Jaspamides 288 10.2.7 Enniatins and Beauvenniatins 289 10.2.8 Gallinamide A, Dolastatin 10 and 15, and Symplostatin 4 290 10.2.9 Hirsutatins and Hirsutellides 291 10.2.10 Alamethicin 292 10.2.11 Gramicidins 293 10.2.12 Kahalalides 294 10.2.13 Lagunamides 295 10.2.14 Paecilodepsipeptides 295 10.2.15 Pullularins 296 10.2.16 Szentiamide 297 10.2.17 Venturamides 297 10.2.18 Viridamides 298 10.2.19 Antiamoebin I 299 10.2.20 Efrapeptins 299 10.2.21 Valinomycin 300 10.2.22 Cyclosporins 300 10.2.23 Cyclolinopeptides 301 10.2.24 Cycloaspeptides 302 10.2.25 Mollamides 302 10.2.26 Tsushimycin 303 10.2.27 Leucinostatins 304 10.2.28 Cardinalisamides 304 10.2.29 Symplocamide A 305 10.2.30 Xenobactin 305 10.3 Concluding Remarks 306 Abbreviations 307 References 307 11 Sesquiterpene Lactones: A Versatile Class of Structurally Diverse Natural Products and Their Semisynthetic Analogs as Potential Anticancer Agents 321 Devdutt Chaturvedi, Parmesh Kumar Dwivedi, and Mamta Mishra 11.1 Introduction: Structural Features and Natural Distribution 321 11.2 Anticancer Activity of Sesquiterpenes Lactones 323 11.2.1 Costunolide and Analogs 324 11.2.2 Parthenolide and Analogs 328 11.2.3 Helenalin and Analogs 331 11.2.4 Artemisinin and Its Derivatives 332 11.2.5 Tourneforin and Its Derivatives 333 11.2.6 Eupalinin 333 11.2.7 Inuviscolide and Related Compounds 334 11.2.8 Japonicones 335 11.2.9 Isoalantolactone and Related Compounds 335 11.2.10 6-O-Angeloylenolin 336 11.2.11 Miscellaneous STLs Under Different Classes 336 11.2.11.1 Guaianolides 336 11.2.11.2 Pseudoguaianolides 339 11.2.11.3 Eudesmanolides 339 11.2.11.4 Germacranolide 340 11.2.11.5 Other Anticancer Sesquiterpene Lactones 340 11.3 Structure Activity Relationships (SARs) of Sesquiterpenes Lactones 340 11.4 Concluding Remarks 341 Acknowledgments 342 Abbreviations 342 References 342 12 Naturally Occurring Calanolides: Chemistry and Biology 349 Goutam Brahmachari 12.1 Introduction 349 12.2 Naturally Occurring Calanolides: Structures and Physical Properties 350 12.3 Anti-HIV and Antituberculosis Potential of Calanolides 350 12.3.1 Anti-HIV Potential of Calanolides 350 12.3.2 Studies on Structure Activity Relationships (SARs) of Calanolides 355 12.3.3 Antituberculosis Potential of Calanolides and Related Derivatives 357 12.4 Total Syntheses of Calanolides 360 12.5 Concluding Remarks 369 Acknowledgment and Disclosure 370 Abbreviations 370 References 371 13 Selective Estrogen ReceptorModulators (SERMs) from Plants 375 Divya Lakshmanan Mangalath and Chittalakkottu Sadasivan 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2 Structure of Estrogen Receptor 376 13.3 Estrogen Receptor Signaling 377 13.4 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators from Plants 379 13.5 Molecular Basis of the Distinct SERM Action 381 13.6 SERMs in the Treatment of Estrogen-Mediated Cancers 383 13.7 Concluding Remarks 383 Abbreviations 384 References 384 14 Introduction to the Biosynthesis and Biological Activities of Phenylpropanoids 387 Luzia V. Modolo, Cristiane J. da Silva, Fernanda G. da Silva, Leonardo da Silva Neto, and Angelo de Fatima 14.1 Introduction 387 14.2 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids 387 14.3 Some Phenylpropanoid Subclasses 392 14.3.1 Flavonoids 392 14.3.1.1 Function in Plants 392 14.3.1.2 Pharmacological Properties 393 14.3.2 Coumarins 395 14.3.2.1 Function in Plants 395 14.3.2.2 Pharmacological Properties 396 14.3.3 Stilbenes 398 14.3.3.1 Function in Plants 398 14.3.3.2 Pharmacological Properties 399 14.4 Concluding Remarks 400 Acknowledgments 400 Abbreviations 400 References 401 15 Neuropeptides: Active Neuromodulators Involved in the Pathophysiology of Suicidal Behavior and Major Affective Disorders 409 Gianluca Serafini, Daniel Lindqvist, Lena Brundin, Yogesh Dwivedi, Paolo Girardi, and Mario Amore 15.1 Introduction 409 15.2 Methods 410 15.3 Involvement of Neuropeptides in the Pathophysiology of Suicidal Behavior and Major Affective Disorders 411 15.3.1 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor 411 15.3.2 Arginine Vasopressin 412 15.3.3 Oxytocin 413 15.3.4 Galanin 415 15.3.5 Tachykinins 415 15.3.6 Neuropeptide Y 418 15.3.7 Cholecystokinin 418 15.3.8 Dynorphins 420 15.3.9 Orexin 420 15.3.10 Neurotensin 423 15.3.11 Nociceptin 424 15.3.12 Melanin-Concentrating Hormone 424 15.3.13 Neuropeptide S 425 15.4 The Association between Neuropeptides, Suicidality, and Major Affective Disorders 426 15.5 Discussion of the Main Findings 429 15.6 Concluding Remarks 431 Abbreviations 432 References 433 16 From Marine Organism to Potential Drug: Using Innovative Techniques to Identify and Characterize Novel Compounds a Bottom-Up Approach 443 A. Jonathan Singh, Jessica J. Field, Paul H. Atkinson, Peter T. Northcote, and John H. Miller 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Structural Screening Approach 445 16.2.1 Case Study 1: Colensolide from Osmundaria colensoi 448 16.2.2 Case Study 2: Zampanolide from Cacospongia mycofijiensis 449 16.3 Testing for Bioactivity by Screening in Mammalian Cells 452 16.4 Chemical Genetics and Network Pharmacology in Yeast for Target Identification 455 16.5 Identification of Protein Targets by Proteomic Analysis on 2D Gels 462 16.6 Validation of Compound Targets by Biochemical Analysis 462 16.7 Next Steps in Drug Development 464 16.8 Concluding Remarks 466 Acknowledgments 467 Abbreviations 467 References 467 17 Marine Natural Products: Biodiscovery, Biodiversity, and Bioproduction 473 Miguel C. Leal and Ricardo Calado 17.1 Introduction 473 17.2 Biodiscovery: What and Where? 474 17.2.1 Taxonomic Trends 475 17.2.2 Geographical Trends 478 17.3 Biodiversity 481 17.3.1 Exploring Marine Biodiversity 481 17.3.2 Protecting Marine Biodiversity 483 17.4 From Biodiscovery to Bioproduction 484 17.5 Concluding Remarks 486 References 487 Index 491