Main description:

Retinoscopy is an eye exam that determines the refractive error of the eye (long sighted, short sighted, astigmatism). A refraction test indicates the strength of the prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses.

This book provides a concise overview of clinical refraction. Presented in an easy to read format, it is divided into two main sections.

The first part explains basic clinical procedures for routine refraction, beginning with an introduction to instruments and the procedure, followed by aspects of the test for different disorders including myopia (short sightedness), astigmatism, keratoconus and refraction in children. Section two provides in depth discussion on retinoscopy and correct use of the retinoscope.

Key points

• Practical guide to clinical refraction and retinoscopy


• Explains basic procedures and instruments for refraction test


• Describes refraction in different ophthalmic disorders


• Retinoscopy and correct use of retinoscope covered in depth

Contents:

Section 1: Clinical Refraction Procedure

• Chapter 1 Introduction


• Chapter 2 Know Your Trial Lens Set


• Chapter 3 Snellen’s Visual Acuity Test


• Chapter 4 Near Visual Acuity Test


• Chapter 5 Flow of Refraction Procedure


• Chapter 6 Initiating the Process


• Chapter 7 Routine Procedure


• Chapter 8 Refinements


• Chapter 9 Prescription


• Chapter 10 Controlling Accommodation


• Chapter 11 Refraction in Hypermetropia


• Chapter 12 Refraction in Myopia


• Chapter 13 Refraction in Astigmatism


• Chapter 14 Refraction in Presbyopia


• Chapter 15 Refraction in Anisometropia


• Chapter 16 Refraction in Aphakia


• Chapter 17 Refraction in Children


• Chapter 18 Refraction in Visually Impaired


• Chapter 19 Refraction in Keratoconous Patient


• Chapter 20 Tips for Clinical Care


• Chapter 21 Lensometry


• Chapter 22 Application of Stenopaic Slit for Refraction


• Chapter 23 Maddox Rod Test

Section 2: Retinoscopy Guide

• Chapter 24 Introduction


• Chapter 25 Retinoscopy and Autorefractometer


• Chapter 26 Parts of Retinoscope


• Chapter 27 Optical Principle of Retinoscope


• Chapter 28 Heine Beta 200 Retinoscope


• Chapter 29 Choosing the Working Distance


• Chapter 30 Patient and Practitioner Posture


• Chapter 31 Projecting the Light Beam


• Chapter 32 The Reflex


• Chapter 33 Spherical and Astigmatic Reflex


• Chapter 34 Movement of the Reflex


• Chapter 35 Correcting Lens


• Chapter 37 Estimating Cylinder Axis


• Chapter 38 Straddling the Axis


• Chapter 39 Retinoscopy Results


• Chapter 40 Step by Step Procedure


• Chapter 41 Case Studies


• Chapter 42 Tips for Difficult Retinoscopy


• Chapter 43 Additional Applications of Retinoscopy