Main description:

This first systematic scientific reference in the area of micro- and nanostructured biopolymer systems discusses in two volumes the morphology, structure, dynamics, properties and applications of all important biopolymers, as well as their blends, composites, interpenetrating networks and gels. Selected leading researchers from industry, academia, government and private research institutions around the globe comprehensively review recent accomplishments in the field. They examine the current state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities, discussing all the synthetic routes to the generation of both micro- and nano-morphologies, as well as the synthesis, characterization and application of porous biopolymers. An outstanding resource for anyone involved in the fi eld of eco-friendly biomaterials for advanced technologies.

Contents:

Foreword XIII List of Contributors XV Volume 1 1 Biopolymers: State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 1 Christophe Chassenieux, Dominique Durand, Parameswaranpillai Jyotishkumar, and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biopolymers: A Niche For Fundamental Research in Soft Matter Physics 3 1.3 Biopolymers: An Endless Source of Applications 4 1.4 Topics Covered by the Book 5 1.5 Conclusions 5 References 6 2 General Overview of Biopolymers: Structures, Properties, and Applications 7 Charles Winkworth-Smith and Tim J. Foster 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 11 2.3 Biocomposites 23 2.4 Future Outlook 28 References 29 3 Biopolymers from Plants 37 Maria J. Sabater, Tania Rodenas, and Antonio Heredia 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Lipid and Phenolic biopolymers 38 3.3 Carbohydrate Biopolymers: Polysaccharides 48 3.4 Isoprene Biopolymers: Natural Rubber 67 3.5 Concluding Remarks 74 References 75 4 Bacterial Biopolymers and Genetically Engineered Biopolymers for Gel Systems Application 87 Deepti Singh and Ashok Kumar 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Microbial Polysaccharides as Biopolymers 90 4.3 Microbial Biopolymers as Drug Delivery Vehicle 92 4.4 Polyanhydrides 93 4.5 Recombinant Protein Polymer Production 94 4.6 Recombinant Genetically Engineered Biopolymer: Elastin 95 4.7 Collagen as an Ideal Biopolymer 97 4.8 Biopolymers for Gel System 99 4.9 Hydrogels of Biopolymers for Regenerative Medicine 99 5 Biopolymers from Animals 109 Khaleelulla Saheb Shaik and Bernard Moussian 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Chitin and Hyaluronic Acid in the Living World 110 5.3 Milestones in Chitin History 110 5.4 From Trehalose to Chitin 112 5.5 Chitin Synthase 115 5.6 Regulation of Chitin Synthesis in Fungi 117 5.7 Organization of Chitin in the Fungal Cell Wall 118 5.8 Organization of Chitin in the Arthropod Cuticle 119 5.9 Chitin-Organizing Factors 123 5.10 Secretion and Cuticle Formation 126 5.11 Transcriptional Regulation of Cuticle Production 128 5.12 Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors 130 5.13 Noncuticular Chitin in Insects 131 5.14 Chitin as a Structural Element 133 5.15 Application of Chitin 134 5.16 Conclusion 135 References 135 6 Polymeric Blends with Biopolymers 143 Hero Jan Heeres, Frank van Maastrigt, and Francesco Picchioni 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Starch-Based Blends 146 6.3 Blends with Chitosan (One Amino Group Too Much ) 158 6.4 Future Perspectives 161 References 164 7 Macro-, Micro-, and Nanocomposites Based on Biodegradable Polymers 173 Luc Averous and Eric Pollett 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Biodegradable Polymers 174 7.3 Biocomposites 181 7.4 Nanobiocomposites 186 References 200 8 IPNs Derived from Biopolymers 211 Fernando G. Torres, Omar Paul Troncoso, and Carlos Torres 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Types of IPNs 212 8.3 IPNs Derived from Biopolymers 214 8.4 Manufacture of IPNs 220 8.5 Characterization of IPNs 222 8.6 Applications of IPNs 226 8.7 Conclusions 229 References 229 9 Associating Biopolymer Systems and Hyaluronate Biomaterials 235 Deborah Blanchard and Rachel Auzely-Velty 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Synthesis and Self-Association of Hydrophobically Modified Derivatives of Chitosan and Hyaluronic Acid in Aqueous Solution 237 9.3 Design of Novel Biomaterials Based on Chemically Modified Derivatives of Hyaluronic Acid 248 9.4 Conclusions 271 References 271 10 Polymer Gels from Biopolymers 279 Esra Alveroglu, Ali Gelir, and Yasar Yilmaz 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Experimental Methods 279 10.3 Polymerization and Gelation Kinetics 281 10.4 Sol-Gel Transition and Universality Discussion 287 10.5 Imprinting the Gels 292 10.6 Heterogeneity of Hydrogels 301 10.7 Ionic p-Type and n-Type Semiconducting Gels 303 10.8 Conclusions 307 References 308 11 Conformation and Rheology of Microbial Exopolysaccharides 317 Jacques Desbrieres 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Conformation of Polysaccharides 318 11.3 Secondary Solid-State Structures for Microbial Polysaccharides 318 11.4 Conformation in Solution: Solution Properties and Applications 325 11.5 Gelling Properties in the Presence of Salts 336 11.6 Conclusions 345 References 345 12 Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Red Microalgae 351 Shosana (Malis) Arad and Oshrat Levy-Ontman 12.1 Introduction 351 12.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Microalgae General Overview 352 12.3 Sulfated Polysaccharides of Red Microalgal Cell Walls: Chemical Aspects 354 12.4 Proteins in the Cell Wall of Red Microalgae 355 12.5 Rheology of Red Microalgal Polysaccharide Solutions 356 12.6 Modifications of Sulfated Polysaccharides 359 12.7 Red Microalgal Sulfated Polysaccharide Bioactivities 362 References 365 Volume 2 13 Dielectric Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Current Analysis of Biopolymer Systems 371 Valerie Samouillan, Jany Dandurand, and Colette Lacabanne 13.1 Introduction 371 13.2 Theory and Principle of Dielectric Analyses 372 13.3 Characterization of Biopolymers 383 13.4 Conclusion 398 References 398 14 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Biopolymers 403 Garrick F. Taylor, Phedra Marius, Chris Ford, and Philip T.F. Williamson 14.1 Introduction 403 14.2 NMR of Biological Polymers 404 14.3 Methods for the Study of Biological Polymers 405 14.4 Solid-State NMR Experiments Employed for the Analysis of Biopolymers 409 14.5 Application of Solid-State NMR to Biopolymers 422 14.6 Conclusions 436 References 436 15 EPR Spectroscopy of Biopolymers 443 Janez trancar and Vanja Kokol 15.1 Introduction 443 15.2 Theoretical Background 445 15.3 Biopolymers 451 15.4 Conclusion 466 References 467 16 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Tool for Studying Biopolymers 473 Ana Maria Botelho do Rego, Ana Maria Ferraria, Manuel Rei Vilar, and Sami Boufi 16.1 Introduction 473 16.2 XPS Basics 474 16.3 Cellulose 483 16.4 Starch 507 16.5 Chitin and Chitosan 509 16.6 Gums 511 16.7 Complementary Techniques 513 16.8 Conclusions 525 References 526 17 Light-Scattering Studies of Biopolymer Systems 533 Taco Nicolai and Dominique Durand 17.1 Introduction 533 17.2 Static Scattering 534 17.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 545 17.4 Cross-Correlation Dynamic Light Scattering 552 17.5 Turbidimetry 556 17.6 Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy 558 17.7 Micro Rheology Using DLS and DWS 561 17.8 Conclusion 563 References 563 18 X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction of Biopolymers 567 Yoshiharu Nishiyama and Marli Miriam de Souza Lima 18.1 Basics 567 18.2 Practical Consideration 573 18.3 Examples 574 18.3.2 Polydisperse Particles 575 18.4 Conclusions 580 References 580 19 Large-Scale Structural Characterization of Biopolymer Systems by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering 583 Ferenc Horkay 19.1 Introduction 583 19.2 Basic Principles of SANS 584 19.3 Experimental Examples 591 19.4 Proteins 593 19.5 Polynucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 595 19.6 Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymers 600 19.7 Summary 607 References 608 20 Microscopy of Biopolymer Systems 611 Changmin Hu and Wenguo Cui 20.1 Introduction 611 20.2 Emerging Techniques in Biopolymer Microscopy 612 20.3 Microstructure and Application of Biopolymers 625 20.4 Biopolymeric Microstructure for Medical Applications 638 20.5 Summary 640 References 641 21 Rheo-optical Characterization of Biopolymer Systems 645 Dagang Liu, Rakesh Kumar, Donglin Tian, Fei Lu, and Mindong Chen 21.1 Introduction 645 21.2 Mechanism and Equipment of Rheo-optics 646 21.3 Rheo-optical Applications for Biopolymers 652 21.4 Conclusions 668 References 669 22 Rheological Behavior of Biopolymer Systems 673 Tao Feng and Ran Ye 22.1 Introduction 673 22.2 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharide Systems 674 22.4 Rheological Behavior of Mixture Systems 690 22.5 Conclusions 694 References 694 23 Physical Gels of Biopolymers: Structure, Rheological and Gelation Properties 699 Camille Michon 23.1 Introduction 699 23.2 Gel Organization at Different Scales 700 23.3 Sol Gel Transition in Polymer Gels: Determination and Applications 703 23.4 Gel and Sol Gel Transition Applications 710 23.5 Conclusion 714 References 715 24 Interfacial Properties of Biopolymers, Emulsions, and Emulsifiers 717 Adamantini Paraskevopoulou and Vassilis Kiosseoglou 24.1 Introduction 717 24.2 Surface-Active Polysaccharides 720 24.3 Biopolymer Blends in Emulsions 724 24.4 Concluding Remarks 734 References 736 25 Modeling and Simulation of Biopolymer Systems 741 Denis Bouyer 25.1 Introduction 741 25.2 Why Modeling (and Simulating)? 741 25.3 What Modeling (Transfer, Transport, Chemical Reaction, etc.)? 743 25.4 Which Validation for a Model? 744 25.5 Methodology 745 25.6 Application to Biopolymer Systems 754 25.7 Conclusions 772 Nomenclature 772 References 773 26 Aging and Biodegradation of Biocomposites 777 Siji K. Mary, Prasanth Kumar Sasidharan Pillai, Deepa Bhanumathy Amma, Laly A. Pothen, and Sabu Thomas 26.1 Introduction 777 26.2 Biodegradation of Biopolymers 785 26.3 Recycling of Biopolymer-Embedded Biocomposites 790 26.4 Future Vision 795 References 795 27 Biopolymers for Health, Food, and Cosmetic Applications 801 Robin Augustine, Rajakumari Rajendran, Uro Cvelbar, Miran Mozeti , and Anne George 27.1 Introduction 801 27.2 Biopolymers for Health Applications 802 27.3 Biopolymers for Food Applications 819 27.4 Biopolymers for Cosmetic Applications 827 References 844 Index 851