Main description:

This book discusses the efficacy of nanomaterial-based X-rays enhancers against cancer therapy and imaging in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Also, synthesis, mechanism, and the related biological effects are given. Moreover, nanoparticle-based contrast agents to enhance the image quality are compiled. Finally, special nanoparticle-based contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted cancer therapy are covered and discussed.

Contents:

Chapter 1. Application of X-ray in medicine and X-ray-sensitive materials

Hamed RezaeeJam 1, Fatemeh Abhari 2, Surender Kumar Sharma3,4, Hamed Nosrati5

1Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.

2Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical

Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

3Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil

4Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, India

5Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Radiotherapy

3. Imaging

4. X-ray-sensitive materials

4.1. Organic materials

4.2. Inorganic materials

4.3. Organic and inorganic hybrid materials

5. Challenges and future scope

Chapter 2. Radiosensitizers

Hossein Rahimi 1, Hamed Nosrati 1,2, Surender Kumar Sharma3,4, Hossein Danafar1

1Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139- 56184, Iran.

2Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan.

3Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil

4Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, India

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Small Molecules

2.1. Oxygen and its Mimics

2.2. Other chemical radiosensitizers

3. Macromolecules

3.1. MicroRNAs

3.2. Proteins and Peptides

3.3. Oligonucleotides and siRNAs

4. Challenges and future scope

Chapter 3. Key Parameters in nanoparticles based radiotherapy

Celine Frochot 1, Muriel Barberi-Heyob 2, Magali Toussaint2

1Universite de Lorraine, LRGP, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, Nancy, 54000, France

2Universite de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Key factors that shoud be measured

2.1. In vitro assessment

3. Biological evaluation methodology

4. The energy of X-rays

5. Irradiation setup

6. Interactions of X-rays with functionalized nanoparticles

7. Challenges and future scope

Chapter 4. Nanoradiosensitizers

Murat Barsbay, and Mohammadreza Ghaffarlou

Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara 06800, Turkey.

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Physical aspect

3. Biological aspect

4. Metal based nanoradiosensitizers

4.1 Au based nanoradiosensitizers

4.2. Bi based nanoradiosensitizers

4.3. Other type nanoradiosensitizers

5. Heterostructured nanoradiosensitizers

6. Challenges and conclusion

Chapter 5. Nanoparticles for overcome Hypoxia

Yaqin Wang1,2, Wenting Shang2

1Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.

2Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Targeting hypoxia by nanomedicine

3. Tumor oxygenation by nanomedicine

3.1. Oxygen loaded nanocarriers

3.2. Oxygen generators

4. Hypoxic-active nanoparticles as radiosensitizers

4.1. Nitroimidazoles

4.2. Sanazole

5. Summary and outlook

Chapter 6. X-Ray based combination therapy

Rovshan Khalilov1,2, Hamid Rashidzadeh1

1Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan

2Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1/1, Malaya Pirogovskaya St, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Combined Chemo-Radiotherapy

3. Combined Immune-Radiotherapy

4. Combined Photo-Radiotherapy

5. Summary and outlook

Chapter 7. X-Ray triggered Photodynamic therapy

Ali Mohammadi 1, Hamed Nosrati 2, Surender Kumar Sharma3,4, Taras Kavetskyy2,5

1Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139- 56184, Iran.

2Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan.

3Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil

4Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, India

5Department of Surface Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. X-ray-induced sensitizers

3. Rare-earth-element-based X-ray-induced sensitizers

4. Quantum dot-based X-ray-induced sensitizers

5. Silicon-based X-ray-induced sensitizers

6. Metal-based X-ray-induced sensitizers

7. Challenges

8. Summary and outlook

Chapter 8. X-ray tomography contrast agents

Mumin Mehmet Koc1,2, Naim Aslan3

1School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

2Department of Physics, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey

3Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey.

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Molecule based contrast agents

2.1. Iodine-based contrast agents

2.2. Phosphotungstic acid

2.3. Phosphomolybdic acid

2.4. Osmium tetroxide

3. Nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.1 Gold nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.2 Silver nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.3. Bi nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.4. Thorium Oxide nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.5. Tantalum nanoparticle based contrast agents

3.6. Rare Earth nanoparticles based contrast agents

4. Summary

Chapter 9. Radioprotectors

Dmitry Klokov1,2

1Laboratory of Radiobiology and Radiotoxicology, Department of Research on Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.

2Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. Molecular Radioprotectors Delivery by Nanocarriers

2.1. Organic polymeric carriers

2.2. Inorganic carriers

3. Nano Radioprotectors

3.1. Principle

3.2. The Common Nanoradioprotectors

3.2.1. Carbon-Based Nanoradioprotectors

3.2.2. Cerium-Based Nanoradioprotectors

3.2.3. Noble Metal Nanoradioprotectors

4. Summary and outlook

Chapter 10. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Based Radiotherapy: a recent update

Andreyan N. Osipov1, Margarita Pustovalova2

1State Research Center A. I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia

2State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Table of Content:

1. Introduction

2. ROS Chemistry

3. ROS Biology

4. ROS Nanotechnology

5. Future scope and prospective