Main description:

This volume discusses various methodolo- discoveries and their translation to clinical gies for the diagnosis, therapy, and prog- practice. Oncology will benefit the most nosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Volumes from these various advanced methodologies, 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this series present similar as a combination of the rapies and person- methods for breast cancer, lung and pros- ized medicine will improve early detection tate cancers, and gastrointestinal cancer, of CRC and other cancer types. respectively. The current volume presents The use of anticancer agents, including surgical, radiological, and molecular thera- 5-fluorouracil, fluoropyrimidines, leuc- pies and prognostic biomarkers for CRC. orin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, raltitrexed, A large number of methods, including capecitabine, cetuximab, and bevacizumab, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridiza- is also presented. Preoperative chemora- tion, immunoscintigraphy, RT-PCR, free otherapy is compared with postoperative circulating DNA levels in blood and stool, chemoradiotherapy.
In addition, treatments ultrasonography, CT, PET, and MRI are such as immunotherapy, laparoscopic detailed for diagnosing CRC at various surgery, radiofrequency ablation, pho- stages of development. Imaging technolo- dynamic therapy, and preoperative che- gies for assessing the treatment results are radiotherapy, are presented. Preoperative also included as are details related to colon- short-course radiation for resectable r- oscopy and sigmoidoscopy. In addition, the tal cancer is also detailed. role of mircoRNA as a biomarker for this This volume included the efforts of 89 type of cancer is elaborated.

Contents:

Authors and Co-Authors of Volume 4 Preface Contents of Volume 1, 2, and 3 PART I. COLORECTAL CANCER 1. INTRODUCTION: COLORECTAL CANCER M.A. Hayat INTRODUCTION
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Treatment
Rectal Cancer
REFERENCES

A. Diagnosis 2. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA: (METHODOLOGY) Seiichi Shinji, Zenya Naito, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Yoko Matsuda, Tomoko Seya, and Takashi Tajiri INTRODUCTION
HISTOPATHOLOGY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR MALIGNANT CHARACATERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION FOR MALIGNANT CHARACTERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA
THERAPY
REFERENCES 3. COLORECTAL CANCER: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL; DIAGNOSIS WITH HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K Ayham Alnabulsi, Brian Carpenter, Colin Telfer, and Graeme I. Murray INTRODUCTION
BIOMARKERS
Approved Biomarkers - Problems
Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
Demand for Colorectal Biomarkers
COLORECTAL BIOMARKER HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K
Methodology
2D Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE)
Semiquantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Monoclonal Antibody to Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
FUTURE DIRECTION
REFERENCES 4. METASTASES AND RECURRENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER: DIAGNOSTIC ROLE OF IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHY Vladimir Obradovic and Vera Artiko INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Radiopharmaceuticals
Imaging Systems and Techniques
IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHIC METHODS USED FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF
COLORECTAL CANCER
Immunoscintigraphy Based onRadiopharmaceuticals Labeled with Radioiodines
Immunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 111In
Immunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 99mTc
Comparison of Diagnostic Values of Different Radiopharmaceuticals
Immunoscintigraphy and Positron Emission Tomography
Radioimmunoguided Surgery
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES 5. COLORECTAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING DNA LEVELS IN BLOOD AND STOOL Emanuela Flamini, Daniele Calistri, Laura Mercatali, Claudia Rengucci and Dino Amadori INTRODUCTION
AVAILABLE TESTS AND THEIR COST BENEFITS
Fecal Occult Blood Test
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Barium Enema with Air Contrast
Virtual Colonoscopy
MOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR COST BENEFITS
FREE CIRCULATING DNA IN BLOOD
Biological Mechanisms of Free Circulating DNA Release
Methodological Aspects of Free Circulating DNA
Sources and Influence of Pre-Analytical Factors
Isolation and Quantification
Free Circulating DNA Levels in Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
INTEGRITY OF GENOMIC EXTRACTED DNA FROM STOOL
Analysis of Long Fragment DNA in Stool
Advantages and Technical Problems
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES 6. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: IDENTIFICATION OF microRNAs USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Eva Bandres, Nerea Bitarte, Natalia Ramirez, Ruth Zarate, and Jesus Garcia-Foncillas INTRODUCTION
GENOMICS OF microRNA
microRNA BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION
EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF microRNA IN CANCER
REGULATION OF microRNA EXPRESSION
IDENTIFICATION OF microRNA TARGETS: BIOINFORMATIC AND FUNCTIONAL TOOLS
TECHNOLOGY TO QUANTIFY microRNAs
EXPERIMENTAL WORKFLOW FOR microRNA EXPRESSION BY REAL- TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED microRNA IN COLORECTAL CANCER USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Q