Main description:

Unique in combining the expertise of practitioners from university hospitals and that of academic researchers, this timely monograph presents selected topics catering specifically to the needs and interests of natural scientists and engineers as well as physicians who are concerned with developing nanotechnology-based treatments to improve human health. To this end, the book cover the materials aspects of nanomedicine, such as the hierarchical structure of biological materials, the imaging of hard and soft tissues and, in particular, concrete examples of nanotechnology-based approaches in modern medical treatments. The whole is rounded off by a discussion of the opportunities and risks of using nanotechnology and nanomaterials in medicine, backed by case studies taken from real life.

Contents:

Nanomedicine: Present Accomplishments and Far-Reaching Promises XXI Part One Introduction to Nanoscience in Medicine of the Twenty-First Century 1 1 Challenges and Opportunities of Nanotechnology for Human Health 3 Bert Muller References 6 2 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and the Armory for the Twenty-First Century Health Care 9 Marcel Van de Voorde and Pankaj Vadgama 2.1 Conceptual Dream 9 2.2 A Real World Encounter 9 2.3 Mapping the Microcosm of Disease 10 2.4 Delivery at the Clinical Coal Face 10 2.5 A High Precision Aim for Disease Targets 10 2.6 A Materials Revolution for Clinical Care 11 2.7 Robotics for Microrepair and Healing 12 2.8 A Dialog with Cells 12 2.9 Stealth Materials for a More Potent Delivery 13 2.10 Improved Biointerrogation for a Better Understanding 13 2.11 Crossing the Structure Function Threshold 14 2.12 Living Implants for a Living Matrix 15 2.13 Taming the Nanointerface 15 2.14 Where are We Now? 16 2.15 Where will the Revolution Take Us? 16 2.16 Conclusions 17 References 18 3 Nanomedicine Activities in the United States and Worldwide 21 Carlotta Borsoi, Joy Wolfram, and Mauro Ferrari 3.1 Drug Delivery 22 3.2 Diagnostics 31 3.3 Scaffolds 33 3.4 Clinically Approved Nanoproducts 37 References 39 Part Two Leading Cause of Death: Cardiovascular Diseases 51 4 Challenges in Cardiovascular Treatments Using Nanotechnology-Based Approaches 53 Till Saxer and Margaret N. Holme 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Unmet Needs in Cardiology 54 4.3 Nanoparticles for Treatment of CVD 58 4.4 Nanotherapeutics in Surgical Interventions 62 4.5 Conclusions 65 References 66 5 Smart Container for Targeted Drug Delivery 71 Andreas Zumbuehl 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Liposomes 72 5.3 Shear Forces and Vesicles 76 5.4 Conclusions 79 References 79 6 Human Nano-Vesicles in Physiology and Pathology 83 Arun Cumpelik and Jurg A. Schifferli 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Nomenclature and Definition 84 6.3 Stimulus for Vesicle Release 85 6.4 Overview of Extracellular Vesicle Biology 86 6.5 NVs of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 88 6.6 Erythrocyte NVs 89 6.7 Platelet NVs 91 6.8 Conclusions 92 Acknowledgment 93 References 93 7 Challenges and Risks of Nanotechnology in Medicine: An Immunologist s Point of View 97 Janos Szebeni 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 The Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 98 7.3 The Cause of Immune Recognition of Nanomedicines: Similarity to Viruses 100 7.4 Processes in the Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 101 7.5 Particle Features Influencing the Immune Side Effects of Nanomedicines 109 7.6 Experimental Analysis of the Adverse Immune Effects of Nanomedicines 110 7.7 Decision Tree to Guide the Evaluation of the CARPAgenic Potential of Nanomedicines 113 7.8 Outlook 114 References 114 Part Three Second Most Common Cause of Death: Cancer 125 8 Challenges of Applying Targeted Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties in Cancer Treatments 127 Jean-Luc Coll and Jungyoon Choi 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect 128 8.3 Physicochemical Factors that Influence NP Passive Properties 129 8.4 Targeted NPs 134 8.5 Conclusions 143 Acknowledgments 144 References 145 9 Highly Conformal Radiotherapy Using Protons 157 Antony John Lomax 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Proton Physics 161 9.3 Delivering Proton Therapy 165 9.4 Clinical Applications 172 9.5 The Future of Proton Therapy 177 9.6 Is There a Role for Nanotechnology in Proton Therapy? 183 References 186 10 Self-Organization on a Chip: From Nanoscale Actin Assemblies to Tumor Spheroids 191 Cora-Ann Schoenenberger and Thomas Pfohl 10.1 Introduction 192 10.2 Microfluidic Cell Culture 197 10.3 Self-Regulated Loading of Cells into Microchambers 197 10.4 2D Cell Culture in Microfluidics 200 10.5 Expanding Microfluidic Cell Culture to the Third Dimension 200 10.6 Microfluidic Biomimetic Models of Cancer 204 10.7 Future Perspectives 204 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 11 The Nanomechanical Signature of Tissues in Health and Disease 209 Daphne O. Asgeirsson, Philipp Oertle, Marko Loparic, and Marija Plodinec 11.1 Summary 209 11.2 Tissue Mechanics Across Length Scales 210 11.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Cell and Tissue Biology 211 11.4 The Nanomechanical Signature of Articular Cartilage 218 11.5 The Nanomechanical Signature of Mammary Tissues 224 11.6 AFM The Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool of the Future 229 Acknowledgments 232 Competing Financial Interests 232 References 232 Part Four Most Common Diseases: Caries, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Incontinence, Allergies 241 12 Revealing the Nano-Architecture of Human Hard and Soft Tissues by Spatially Resolved Hard X-Ray Scattering 243 Hans Deyhle and Bert Muller 12.1 Introduction 243 12.2 Spatially Resolved Hard X-Ray Scattering 244 12.3 Nanoanatomy of Human Hard and Soft Tissues 251 12.4 Conclusions and Outlook 259 References 259 13 Regenerative Dentistry Using Stem Cells and Nanotechnology 263 Thimios A. Mitsiadis and Giovanna Orsini 13.1 Introduction 263 13.2 Repair of Dental Tissues 264 13.3 Dental Stem Cells and Their Regenerative Potential 265 13.4 Regenerative Dentistry 267 13.5 Nanotechnology in Dentistry 269 13.6 Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Dental Biomaterials 270 13.7 Concluding Remarks 279 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 14 Nanostructured Polymers for Medical Applications 293 Prabitha Urwyler and Helmut Schift 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Applications of Nanostructures 295 14.3 Processes for Generation of Nanotopographies 301 14.4 Surface Patterning of Microcantilevers Using Mold Inlays 303 14.5 Surface Patterning Using Plasma Etching 306 14.6 Cell Response to Surface Patterning 308 14.7 Conclusion 309 References 310 15 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Incontinence 315 Vanessa Leung and Christian Gingert 15.1 Urinary Incontinence 316 15.2 Fecal Incontinence 321 References 327 16 Nanomedicine in Dermatology: Nanotechnology in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy 329 Kathrin Scherer Hofmeier and Christian Surber 16.1 Introduction 329 16.2 Nature of Nanoparticles 330 16.3 Absorption of Nanoparticles through Skin 333 16.4 Nanoparticles in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy 336 16.5 Regulatory Issues 344 16.6 Public Perception of Nanoparticles in Topicals 344 16.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 345 References 347 Part Five Benefiting Patients 357 17 Therapeutic Development and the Evolution of Precision Medicine 359 Gareth D. Healey and R. Steven Conlan 17.1 Origins of Nanomedicine 359 17.2 Global Nanomedicine Market 360 17.3 Nanomedicine Cabinet 361 17.4 Application of Nanomedicine A Paradigm Shift 365 17.5 Targeted Drug Discovery and the Human Kinome 367 17.6 Translation from Discovery to the Clinic 369 17.7 Evolution of Kinase Inhibitors 370 17.8 Nanoparticle Delivery 372 17.9 Conclusions 374 References 374 18 Benefit from Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Benefitting Patients 379 Bert Muller and Marcel H. Van de Voorde Index 383