Main description:

As the Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology moves into a second volume, it is appropriate to take into general account the scope and content of this series. In its broadest sense, behavioral neurobiology is the study of the behaviors of animal organisms with reference to their neurological bases. The overall objective of this handbook series is to assemble, in ten volumes, a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the major areas that comprise behavioral neurobiology. Within such a framework, it is possible to provide the fundamental concepts, methods, and substantive advancements in these fields in a manner that will be useful to and that will also serve as a reference source for researchers educational programs who desire a well-balanced overview of the component areas of neurobiology. The intent in each volume has been to bring together a spectrum of approaches and disciplines that focuses upon the topic at hand. The first volume presented and discussed the problems of sensory integration; the present work is concerned with the neurobiology of cognitive processes; and forthcoming volumes will include the topics of motor coordination, learning and memory, biological rhythms, motivation, sexual behavior, social behavior and communication, and the evolution of nervous systems and behavior. Thus the purpose of the editors in planning this series has been to offer a distinct handbook, employing the many varied and prevailing avenues of attack upon current problems in behavior and neurological processes, that should prove of unique value and usefulness to professionals and students alike.

Contents:

I Neuropsychological Assessment.- 1 Assessment of Cognitive Deficit in the Brain-Injured Patient.- The Nature of Neuropsychological Deficits.- Localizing versus Nonlocalizing Deficits.- The Nonspecific (Nonlocalizing) Deficits.- Lateralizing and Localizing Signs and Deficits.- Left Parietal Lobe Disorders.- Symptoms of Right Hemisphere Disorder.- Frontal Lobe Signs.- Selective Disorders of Memory (Amnesic Syndromes).- Agnosias.- Test Battery.- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (1955).- Wechsler Memory Scale (1945).- Testing Language Function.- Testing Visuospatial Functions.- “Frontal Lobe” Tests.- Case Illustration.- Conclusion.- References.- II Cortical Lobes and Function.- 2 The Frontal Lobes.- Introduction: Past Obstacles to a Description of the Frontal Syndrome.- Functional Characteristics of the Posterior Frontal Regions.- The Prefrontal Regions.- The Orbitofrontal Cortex, the Limbic System, and Emotion.- Psychiatric Surgery.- Lateral Surface of the Prefrontal Cortex.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Parietooccipital Symptomology: The Split-Brain Perspective.- Constructional Apraxia.- Astereognosia.- Finger Agnosia.- Unilateral Spatial Agnosia.- Visual Agnosias: Apperceptive, Associative, and Face Agnosia.- Alexia without Agraphia.- Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Temporal Lobes: An Approach to the Study of Organic Behavioral Changes.- Selection of Variables for Scientific Study of Organic Behavioral Changes.- Behavioral Effects of a Localized Neurological Process: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.- Implications for the Study of the Neuroanatomy of Emotion.- Prolegomena.- References.- III Developmental Neuropsychology.- 5 Aspects of Normal and Abnormal Neuropsychological Development.- The Theoretical Frame of Reference.- The Triune Brain.- Protoreptilian Brain—Graven Image—Level I.- Paleomammalian Brain—Lethe—Level II.- Neomammalian Brain—The Guru—Level III.- Implications of the Triune Brain Model for Developmental.- Neuropsychology.- Developmental Neurology.- Level I.- Level II.- Level III.- Developmental Psychology.- Abnormal Neuropsychological Development.- References.- 6 Minimal Brain Dysfunction: Psychological and Neurophysiological Disorders in Hyperkinetic Children.- The Hyperkinetic Disorder.- The HK Syndrome.- Attention and Impulse Control.- Effects of Stimulant Medication.- Electrophysiological Signs in Hyperkinetic Children.- Electroencephalography.- Autonomic Measures of Arousal Responses.- Cortical Evoked Potentials (EPs).- The HK Syndrome and Frontal Lobe Dysfunctions.- References.- IV Language Mechanisms and Their Disorders.- 7 Speech Perception and the Biology of Language.- Some Fundamentals.- Categorical Perception.- Role of Task Factors.- Categorical Phenomena with Nonspeech.- Developmental and Comparative Investigations.- Selective Adaptation.- Functional Locus of Adaptation—Some Considerations.- Experimental Tests.- Developmental and Comparative Aspects of Adaptation Phenomena.- The Right Ear Advantage in Dichotic Listening.- Asymmetry of Processing or Output?.- The Case for Two Left Hemisphere Mechanisms.- Developmental and Comparative Inquiries.- Summary and Further Questions.- References.- 8 Origins and Distribution of Language.- Evolution of Language.- Cognitive Prerequisites.- Origins of Speech.- Distribution of Language Functions in the Brain.- Hemispheric Specialization for Language.- Changes in Language Distribution during Ontogeny.- Distribution of Language in the Left Hemisphere.- Subcortical Structures and Language.- Some Implications for Language Origins.- References.- 9 Thalamic Mechanisms in Language.- Degenerative Lesions.- Vascular Lesions.- Unilateral Cases.- Bilateral Cases.- Neoplastic Lesions.- Surgical Lesions.- Pulvinectomy.- Medial Geniculotomy.- Discussion.- References.- 10 Aphasias.- History.- Neurolinguistic Classification and Description of Aphasias.- Disorders of Oral Language.- Disorders of Written Language.- Anatomical Basis of Language.- Hemispheric Representation of Language.- Neuropsychological Evidence Supporting the Notion of Right Hemisphere Participation in the Language Function.- Compensatory Role of the Right Hemisphere in Aphasia.- Aphasia in Left-Handers.- Childhood Aphasia.- Final Remarks.- References.- V General Issues in Brain Mechanisms and Behavior.- 11 Origins and Mechanisms in the Establishment of Cerebral Dominance.- A First Look at the Problem.- Embryogeny of Left-Right Differences.- Emhryogeny of a Right and a Left Half.- Do Genes Determine Right-Left Differences in Development?.- Decoding of Asymmetries.- Survey of CNS Anatomical Asymmetries.- Somatic and Neural Asymmetries in Invertebrates.- Habenular Asymmetries in Lower Vertebrates.- Hemispheric Asymmetries in Primates.- Right-Left Functional Asymmetries in the Brains of Primates.- Hemispheric Differences in Motor Control.- Hemispheric Differences in the Processing of Sounds.- Left Hemisphere Advantage for Processing Temporal Information.- Perceptual or Memory Impairment?.- Search for Hemispheric Dominance in Macaques.- Ontogeny of Hemispheric Function in Humans.- Incompatibility of Processes?.- Effects of “Crowding”.- A Price to Hemispheric Dominance?.- Hypoglossal and Hemispheric Dominance in Songbirds.- Overview and Summary.- References.- 12 Electrophysiological Analysis of Human Brain Function.- Types of Event-Related Potentials.- Sensory Evoked Potentials, Perceptual Deficits, and Neurological Disorders.- Auditory EPs from the Brain Stem.- Visual EPs to Patterned Stimuli.- ERPs and Selective Information Processing.- Theories of Selective Attention.- ERPs and Psychological Constructs.- Vertex Potentials and Selective Attention.- The P3 Wave and Selective Attention.- ERPs and “Stages” of Selection.- Late Positive ERPs and the Orienting Response.- Clinical Relevance of ERP Approaches.- ERPs, Language Processing, and Hemispheric Specialization.- Brief Survey of Previous Neurolinguistic Research.- Electrophysiology of Natural Speech Processing.- References.- 13 Information Processing and the Cerebral Hemispheres.- Functional Locus of Hemispheric Asymmetries.- Somesthesis.- Audition.- Discrepancies with the Model.- Speculation about the Structural Locus at Which Hemispheric Asymmetries Emerge.- Information Processing beyond the Locus at Which Hemispheric Asymmetries Emerge.- Episodic Memory.- Semantic Memory.- Frontal Lobes.- Transmitted Lateralization and Implications for Models of Hemispheric Organization: Similarities and Differences between Corresponding, Higher-Order Structures in the Left and Right Hemispheres.- Recapitulation.- Nature of Hemispheric Differences.- Sequential-Processing Hypothesis.- Analytic-Holistic Hypothesis.- Dual Processing.- Attention.- Principles of Attention Theory.- Hemispheric Priming.- Interference.- Automatic Processing.- Attention and Brain Damage.- Taking Stock.- References.- 14 The Neuropsychological Basis of Skilled Movement in Man.- Definition of the Problem.- Disorders of Skilled Movement (Apraxia) from Callosal Lesions.- Disorders of Skilled Movement (Apraxia) from Left Hemisphere Lesions.- Acquisition of Skill by the Left Hemisphere.- Role of the Right Hemisphere in Skilled Movement.- Left Hemisphere Mechanisms Used in the Processing of Skilled Movements.- Skilled Movements Used in Speech and Writing.- References.- VI Disorders of Psychological Processes Following Brain Damage.- 15 Cerebral Mechanisms of Information Storage: The Problem of Memory.- A Review of Some Theory in the Psychology of Memory.- A Review of Related Work on the Effects of Brain Damage and Brain Stimulation on Memory.- Temporal Lobe Amnesia.- Korsakoff Syndrome.- Alcoholic Blackout.- Direct Stimulation.- Frontal Lobes.- Conduction Aphasia, the Repetition Deficit, and the Model of Memory.- Retrograde Amnesia.- Theories of Amnesia.- Conclusion.- References.- 16 Long-Term Psychological Consequences of Cerebral Lesions.- Focal Brain Injury.- Language Disorders.- Disorders of Motor Control.- Visual-Perceptual Deficits.- Sensory Deficits and Complex Perceptual Tasks.- Contribution of the Right Hemisphere.- Persistence of the Deficits.- Memory Disorders.- Deficits Associated with Frontal Lobe Lesions.- Deficits Associated with Bilateral Lesions.- Diffuse Brain Damage.- Closed Head Injury.- Dementia.- Discussion.- Conceptual Framework.- Severity of Lesion as a Prognostic Factor.- Psychometric Approach.- Recovery and Motivation: The Individual and His Environment.- References.- VII Toward Understanding the Mechanisms of Consciousness.- 17 Beyond Commissurotomy: Clues to Consciousness.- Split Consciousness.- Verbal Attribution and the Sociology of Mind.- Emotion and Consciousness.- References.