Main description:

COVID-19 in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia crucially summarizes the current status of the coronavirus in patients suffering from these conditions, describing why they are a common cause of morbidity among those with COVID-19. The first section includes chapters that provide a general description of COVID-19, including SARS-CoV-2 structure, function, and biology, and its impact on the elderly with chronic conditions include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, respiratory illnesses, and infectious diseases. Also discussed are effects of the virus on the immune system. The second section shifts to the impact of COVID-19 on those with dementia or Alzheimer's disease, with special emphasis on age, gender, ethnic background, and lifestyle. Bringing this focus on neurodegenerative disease in one comprehensive resource, this volume is an essential reference for neuroscientists, clinicians, biomedical scientists, and all others working or interested in the field.

Contents:

List of contributors

Section One COVID-19

1 COVID-19: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics Pulak R. Manna, Zackery C. Gray and P. Hemachandra Reddy

1 Introduction 2 COVID-19: risk factors and pathogenesis 3 COVID-19 variants and their impact on global health tragedy 4 Nutrients and immune health, and their relevance to COVID-19 5 Immunocompromised conditions and COVID-19 6 Diverse measures for preventing COVID-19 7 Potential therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 8 Summary and conclusions Acknowledgments References

2 Role of oxidative stress in the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection Sharda P. Singh, Sanjay Awasthi, Ashly Hindle and Chhanda Bose

1 Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation 2 Inflammatory stress 3 Quenching lipid peroxidation 4 4HNE in COVID-19 5 Functions of 4-HNE with possible relevance to COVID-19 References

3 Immune enhancers for COVID-19 Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan, Pulak R. Manna, Zackery C. Gray and Hemachandra Reddy

1 Introduction 2 Immune enhancementdsupplements 3 Immune enhancersddiet, herbs, and spices 4 Conclusion References

4 Diabetes mellitus in relation to COVID-19 Bhagavathi Ramasubramanian, Jonathan Kopel, Madison Hanson and Cameron Griffith

1 Introduction 2 Type 1 disease and type 2 diabetes 3 Biomarkers and risk factors in COVID-19-infected patients 4 Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host 5 Complications of diabetes during COVID-19 infection 6 Treatment and management of diabetes during COVID-19 infection 7 The effect of lockdowns on diabetes and obesity 8 Lifestyle and diet during COVID-19 pandemic 9 Conclusion References

5 Food bioactive compounds, sources, and their effectiveness during COVID-19 Giridhar Goudar, Munikumar Manne and Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran

1 Introduction 2 COVID-19 and food safety 3 Bioactive compounds 4 Foods containing bioactive compounds helpful during COVID-19 infection 5 Mechanistic activity of bioactive compounds helpful for COVID-19 6 Conclusion References

6 MicroRNAs and COVID-19 Prashanth Gowda, Vivek Kumar, Ashish Sarangi, Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran, P. Hemachandra Reddy and Subodh Kumar

1 Introduction 2 MicroRNAs as biomarkers for COVID-19 3 Molecular basis of microRNAs in COVID-19 infection 4 MicroRNAs as therapeutic for COVID-19 5 Conclusion References

7 Mechanisms and implications of transport of COVID-19 into neural tissue Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan and Alec Giakas

1 Introduction 2 Viruses and neurological damage 3 SARS-CoV-2 virulence and neurologic invasion 4 Conclusion References Further reading

8 Immunogenetic landscape of COVID-19 infectionserelated neurological complications Balakrishnan Karuppiah, Rathika Chinniah, Sasiharan Pandi, Vandit Sevak, Padma Malini Ravi and T. Dhinakaran

1 Introduction 2 HLA immunogenetic variations 3 HLA immunogenetics and COVID-19 4 HLA associations in COVID-19 induced neurological disorders 5 Conclusions References

9 Impact of COVID-19 on ischemic stroke condition Tochi Eboh, Hallie Morton, P. Hemachandra Reddy and Murali Vijayan

1 Introduction 2 Coronavirus and SARS CoV-2 3 Epidemiology of stroke and COVID-19 4 Mechanism of stroke in COVID-19 5 Thrombosis 6 Cytokine storm 7 Endothelium disruption 8 Tissue factor and extrinsic coagulation pathway 9 Treatment of acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19 10 Anesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy 11 Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and stroke 12 Major challenges of managing stroke during COVID-19 situation 13 Conclusion and future directions References

10 The psychiatric effects of COVID-19 in the elderly Ashish Sarangi

1 Introduction 2 Elderly isolation during COVID-19 3 Elderly health care during COVID-19 4 COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders 5 Management of psychiatric disorders related to COVID-19 6 Pharmacological agents 7 Conclusion References

Section Two Alzheimer's disease and dementia during COVID-19

11 Bloodebrain barrier disruption following COVID-19 infection and neurological manifestations Sonam Deshwal, Neha Dhiman and Rajat Sandhir

Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Structure and function of BBB 3 Mechanisms in neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 4 BBB disruption 5 Hypoxia 6 Clotting and thrombosis 7 Neurological consequences of disrupted BBB post-SARS-CoV-2 infection 8 Treatment to prevent BBB disruption due to SARS-CoV-2 infection 9 Conclusions References 12 The effects of lifestyle in Alzheimer's disease during the COVID-19 pandemic Ray Sparsh, Khan Sonia Y, Khan Shazma, Ali Kiran, Gray Zachary, Manna Pulak and P. Hemachandra Reddy

1 Introduction 2 Exercise 3 Diet 4 Social interaction 5 Nursing homes 6 Conclusion References

13 Dementia and COVID-19: An African American focused study Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani and P. Hemachandra Reddy

1 Introduction 2 Dementia/COVID-19 3 Unmodifiable risk factors 4 Modifiable risk factors 5 Age-related chronic diseases 6 Environmental risk factors 7 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Further reading

14 Dementia and COVID-19: a Hispanic-focused study Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani and P. Hemachandra Reddy

1 Introduction 2 Dementia/COVID-19 3 Unmodifiable risk factors 4 Modifiable risk factors 5 Age-related chronic diseases 6 Environmental factors 7 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Further reading

15 Women and Alzheimer's disease risk: a focus on gender Emma Schindler, P. Hemachandra Reddy and Albin John

1 Introduction 2 Education 3 Employment 4 Race 5 Sexual and gender identity 6 Exercise 7 Depression 8 Caregiver burden 9 COVID-19 pandemic 10 Conclusion References

16 Women and Alzheimer's disease: a focus on sex Emma Schindler, P. Hemachandra Reddy, Albin John, Harrison Marsh and Stephen Rossettie

1 Introduction 2 Clinical presentation 3 Disease progression 4 Neuropathology 5 Genetics 6 Endogenous estrogen exposure 7 Exogenous estrogen exposure 8 Pregnancy 9 Vascular risk 10 Pharmacology 11 COVID-19 pandemic 12 Conclusion References

17 Effect of COVID-19 on Alzheimer's and dementia measured through ocular indications Harrison Marsh, Stephen Rossettie and Albin John

1 Introduction 2 Ocular indications for early screening of Alzheimer's disease 3 Methods of visualizing the retina 4 Ophthalmology during COVID-19 5 Conclusion References

18 Surgical and nonsurgical interventions for Alzheimer's disease P. Hemachandra Reddy and Albin John

1 Introduction 2 Invasive brain stimulation 3 Non-invasive brain stimulation procedures 4 Conclusion References Index