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Main description:
Of the porphyrinoid structures occurring in nature the most important and most widespread are the red blood pigment heme (1), the green pigment of plant photosynthesis chlorophyll a (2), the bacterial photo- synthetic pigment bacteriochlorophyll a (3), and the "antipernicious" red pigment vitamin BJ2 (4). The basic function of these cofactors are determined by the incorporation of the different metal ions into the macrotetracycles. The different oxidation levels of the macrocyclic ligand system regulate the fine tuning of these functions. The final adaptation of the cofactors to their special molecular environments in the cell compartments is effected by variation of the substitution patterns of the chromophores. HCO,C 3 CO,Phytyl 2 Heme Chlorophyll a CONH, CONH, ~ H,NOC 1 , CONH, /I(Y N~ 3 4 Bacteriochlorophyll a Vitamin B" HO References, pp. 42-51 Naturally Occurring Cyclic Tetrapyrroles 3 Until the mid-1970s the four classic cyclic tetrapyrrolic structures with their porphyrin, chi orin, bacteriochlorin, and corrin skeletons were almost the only representatives in the class of porphyrinoid natural products (1-10).
Although other partially reduced porphyrins were conceivable, none of these partially saturated porphyrinoid structures had hitherto been found in nature.
Contents:
Naturally Occurring Cyclic Tetrapyrroles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Classification.- 3. General Aspects of Cyclic Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis.- 4. Porphyrins.- 4.1. Occurrence, Structure, and Biological Function.- 4.2. Biosynthesis.- 4.3. Aspects of Synthesis.- 5. Chlorins.- 5.1. Occurrence, Structure, and Biological Activity.- 5.2. Biosynthesis.- 5.3. Aspects of Synthesis.- 6. Bacteriochlorins.- 6.1. Occurrence, Structure, and Biological Activity.- 6.2. Aspects of Synthesis.- 7. Isobacteriochlorins.- 7.1. Occurrence, Structure, and Biological Activity.- 7.2. Biosynthesis.- 7.3. Aspects of Synthesis.- 8. Higher Saturated Hydroporphyrins.- 8.1. Occurrence, Structure, and Biological Activity.- 8.2. Biosynthesis.- 9. Corrins.- Acknowledgments.- References.- The Chemistry of Taxol and Related Taxoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A-Ring Chemistry.- 2.1. Modifications of the 11,12-Double Bond.- 2.2. Modifications at C-13.- 2.3. Modifications at C-14.- 2.4. Modifications at C-18.- 3. B-Ring Chemistry.- 3.1. Modifications at C-10.- 3.2. Modifications at C-9.- 3.3. Modifications at C-19.- 3.4. Modifications at C-2.- 3.5. Modifications at C-l.- 3.6. Other B-Ring Analogs.- 3.7. SAR of B-Ring Analogs.- 4. C-Ring Chemistry.- 4.1. The C-7 Hydroxyl Group.- 4.2. Products Derived from 6,7-Dehydrotaxol.- 4.3. Modifications at C-4.- 5. D-Ring Chemistry.- 5.1. Ring Opening by Electrophiles.- 5.2. Ring-Opening by Nucleophiles.- 5.3. D-Ring Analogs.- 5.4. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies.- 6. Rearrangements and Related Reactions.- 6.1. Rearrangements Leading to 11(15?1)-abeo taxols (A-nortaxols).- 6.2. Rearrangements Involving the B-Ring.- 6.3. Rearrangements Involving Both A- and B-Rings.- 6.4. Rearrangements of Ring C.- 7. The Side Chain.- 7.1. Synthesis of the Side Chain by the -lactam Approach.- 7.2. Synthesis of the Side Chain via an Epoxide Intermediate.- 7.3. Synthesis of the Side Chain by Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation.- 7.4. Synthesis of the Side Chain by Coupling Reactions.- 7.5. Synthesis of Cyclically Protected Side Chains.- 7.6. Miscellaneous Syntheses.- 7.7. Syntheses of Phosphonate Side Chain Analogs.- 8. Synthesis of Taxol and Taxol Side Chain Analogs from Baccatin III.- 8.1. Synthesis of Taxol and Docetaxel.- 8.2. Synthesis of N-Acyl Analogs of Taxol.- 8.3. Synthesis of 3?-Aryl Analogs of Taxol.- 8.4. Taxol Analogs with Modified N-Acyl and 3?-Aryl Groups.- 8.5. Taxol Analogs Modified Both on the Side Chain and the Ring System.- 8.6. Synthesis of Taxol Analogs with Highly Modified Side Chains.- 8.7. Side Chain Chemistry.- 9. Taxol Metabolites.- 10. Taxol Analogs and Prodrugs.- 10.1. Simple Ester Derivatives and Prodrugs.- 10.2. Phosphate Ester and other Prodrugs.- 10.3. Taxol Analogs with Polymeric Acyl Substitutions.- 10.4. Targeted Analogs of Taxol.- 11. Labeled Taxol Analogs.- 11.1. Isotopically Labeled Taxols.- 11.2. Photoaffinity Labeled Taxols.- 11.3. Fluorescent and Other Labeled Taxols.- 12. The Synthesis of Taxol and Taxol Analogs from Precursors other than Baccatin III.- 13. The Synthesis of Simplified and Unusual Taxol Analogs.- 13.1. Simplified Analogs.- 13.2. Dimeric Analogs.- 14. The Synthesis of Taxol.- 14.1. The Holton Synthesis.- 14.2. The Nicolaou Synthesis.- 14.3. The Danishefsky Synthesis.- 14.4. The Wender Synthesis.- 14.5. The Kuwajima Synthesis.- 14.6. The Mukaiyama Synthesis.- 15. The Interaction of Taxol with Tubulin.- 15.1. Photoaffinity Labeling Studies.- 15.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopic Studies.- 15.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies.- 15.4. The Taxol Pharmacophore.- Addendum.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Author Index.
PRODUCT DETAILS
Publisher: Springer (Springer Verlag GmbH)
Publication date: June, 2012
Pages: 253
Weight: 415g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Biochemistry, Pharmacology
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