Main description:

The first international symposium on brain edema was held in Vienna/ Austria in 1965 followed by altogether eight meetings since. The most recent was organized in Y okohama by the Department of Neurosurgery of the Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo. The continuing interest of both, clinicians and experimental scientists alike may be attributable to the fact that brain edema is a common denominator of many cerebral disorders, which under acute conditions threatens life and weIl-being of afflicted patients. Although progress in understanding as weIl as treatment can be recognized since 1965 many problems remain, particularly concerning the control of brain edema under acute conditions, as in trauma or ischemia. A quantum leap was the distinction of the cytotoxic and vasogenic brain edema prototypes as advanced by Igor Klatzo, providing for transition from a morphological to functional understanding now. The recent brain edema meetings were certainly benefiting from developments of both, molecular neurobiology on the one hand side and functional brain imaging at an ever-increasing resolution on the other, such as magnetic resonance imaging orpositron emission tomography. The international symposium in San Diego 1996 may witness further breakthroughs, hopefully also of effective treatment modalities. The symposium in Y okohama was dedicated to the "Legacy of 28 Years of Brain Edema Research" as a reminder of accomplishments as weIl as remaining challenges.

Contents:

Cell Swelling and Cell Damage in vivo and in vitro.- Evolution of Brain Edema Concepts.- Neuron-Glial Interaction During Injury and Edema of the CNS.- Mechanisms of Glutamate Induced Swelling in Astroglial Cells.- Neuroprotective Nmda Antagonists: the Controversy over Their Potential for Adverse Effects on Cortical Neuronal Morphology.- Mechanisms of Glial Swelling by Arachidonic Acid.- Astrocyte Swelling in Liver Failure: Role of Glutamine and Benzodiazepines.- The Role of K+ Influx on Glutamate Induced Astrocyte Swelling: Effect of Temperature.- Differential Behavior of Glial and Neuronal Cells Exposed to Hypotonic Solution.- The Regulation of Intracellular pH is Strongly Dependent on Extracellular pH in Cultured Rat Astrocytes and Neurons.- Morphological Changes of Cultured Neuronal and Endothelial Cells by Human Albumin.- Metabolic Alterations Accompany Ionic Disturbances and Cellular Swelling During a Hypoxic Insult to the Retina: an in vitro Study.- Diffuse Astrocytic Swelling and Increased Second Messenger Activity Following Acute Haemophilus influenzae MeningitisEvidence from a Rat Model.- Mediator Mechanisms in Vasogenic and Cytotoxic Brain Edema.- Leukocyte/Endothelial Interactions and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Rats During Cerebral Superfusion with LTB4.- The Effect of Leukotriene C4 on the Permeability of Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell Monolayer.- Modulation of Edema by Dizocilpine, Kynurenate, and NBQX in Respiring Brain Slices After Exposure to Glutamate..- An Assessment of Progression of Brain Edema with Amino Acid Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Changes in Electroencephalogram in an Adult Cat Model of Cold Brain Injury.- Role of Serotonin and Prostaglandins in Brain Edema Induced by Heat Stress. An Experimental Study in the Young Rat.- Arachidonic Acid Release and Permeability Changes Induced by Endothelins in Human Cerebromicrovascular Endothelium.- The Role of Histamine in Brain Oedema Formation.- Effects of Antihistaminics on Experimental Brain Edema.- Causative Role of Lysosomal Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Lesions Due to Brain Edema Under Chronic Hypertension.- A Novel Aspect of Thrombin in the Tissue Reaction Following Central Nervous System Injury.- Proposed Toxic Oxidant Inhibitors Fail to Reduce Brain Edema.- Involvement of Nitric Oxide and Free Radical (O2-) in Neuronal Injury Induced by Deprivation of Oxygen and Glucose in vitro.- The Endogenous Ouabain-Like Sodium Pump Inhibitor in Cold Injury-Induced Brain Edema.- Effect of Steroids on Brain Lipocortin Immunoreactivity.- The Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Brain Edema, Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Energy Metabolism in Rat Congenital Hydrocephalus.- Blood-Brain Barrier Function.- Molecular Biology of Blood-Brain Barrier Ontogenesis and function.- Effects of Protein Kinase C Activators on Na, K-ATPase Activity in Rat Brain Microvessels.- Effect of Barrier Opening on Brain Edema in Human Brain Tumors.- Simple Quantitative Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Detection of Endogenous Albumin as an Index of Blood Parenchymal Border Alteration.- Amino Acids in Extracellular Fluid in Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Pharmacological Reduction of Brain Edema Induced by Intracarotid Infusion of Protamine Sulphate: a Comparison Between a Free Radical Scavenger and an Ampa Receptor Antagonist.- Visual Evoked Responses as a Monitor of Intracranial Pressure During Hyperosmolar Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.- Early Changes of Blood-Brain Barrier and Superoxide Scavenging Activity in Rat Cryogenic Brain Injury.- Evaluation of BBB Damage in an UV Irradiation Model by Endogenous Protein Tracers.- Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Following Transient Reflex Sympathetic Hypertension.- Formation, Propagation and Resolution of Brain Edema.- Morphology of Non-Vascular Intracerebral Fluid Spaces.- Subcortical U-Fibers Layer Preservation in Brain Edema.- Is the Swelling in Brain Edema Isotropic or Anisotropic?.- Biomechanical Characteristics of Brain Edema: the Difference Between Vasogenic-Type and Cytotoxic-Type Edema.- Experimental Quantitative Evaluation of Transvascular Removal of Unnecessary Substances in Brain Edema Fluid.- Formation and Resolution of Brain Edema Associated with Brain Tumors. A Comprehensive Theoretical Model and Clinical Analysis.- Medullary Cardiovascular Center and Acute Brain Swelling.- Dysfunction of the Medullary Cardiovascular Center May Cause Acute Spinal Cord Swelling.- CSF Dynamics in Patients with Meningiomas.- Ischemie Brain Edema: Pathophysiology and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- Compartmental Analysis of Brain Edema Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- A Thermal Clearance Probe for Continuous Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow.- Measurement of in vivo Cortical Thermal Clearance in Man During Complete Circulatory Standstill.- Cerebral Blood Flow of Rats with WaterIntoxicated Brain Edema.- Focal Microvascular Occlusion After Acute Subdural Haematoma in the Rat: a Mechanism for Ischaemic Damage and Brain Swelling?.- An Ischemie Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier May Deteriorate Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials Following Transient Hindbrain Ischemia in Gerbils.- Memory Deficit Accompanying Cerebral Neurodegeneration After Stroke in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP).- Neuro-Pathophysio-Biochemical Profiles of Neonatal Asphyxia.- Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Weighted Imaging: Sensitivity and Apparent Diffusion Constant in Stroke.- Mechanisms of Brain Injury Associated with Partial and Complete Occlusion of the MCA in Cat.- Diffusion Anisotropy of Cerebral Ischemia.- A Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Acute Cerebral Ischaemia in the Gerbil.- In vivo Differentiation of Edematous Changes After Stroke in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Using Diffusion Weighted MRI.- Effect of Mannitol on Focal Cerebral Ischemia Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Ischemic Brain Edema: Pathobiochemistry and Brain Edema.- Blood-Damaged Tissue Interaction in Experimental Brain Ischemia.- The Relationship Between Cerebral Ischemic Edema and Monoamines: Revisited.- Free Fatty Acid Liberation and Cellular Swelling During Cerebral Ischemia: the Role of Excitatory Amino Acids.- Severe Brain Edema Associated with Cumulative Effects of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy and Ischemic Hypoxia.- Endogenous Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Reperfusion Injuries.- Endogenous Opioid System Activity Following Temporary Focal Cerebral Ischemia.- P-Glycoprotein Expression in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells After Focal Ischemia in Rat.- Blood-Borne Macromolecule Induces FGF Receptor Gene Expression After Focal Ischemia.- Expression of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Astrocytes at the Site of Cerebral Lesions and Edematous Areas Under Chronic Hypertension.- Cytochrome Oxidase and Hexokinase Activities in an Infusion Edema Model with Preserved Blood Flow.- Blood-Brain Barrier, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Brain Edema in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Chronic Focal Ischemia.- Abnormalities of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats Due to Experimental Cardiac Arrest.- Ischemic Brain Edema: Treatment.- Do N-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonists Have Disproportionately Greater Effects on Brain Swelling than on Ischemic Damage in Focal Cerebral Infarction?.- The Effect of Age on Cerebral Oedema, Cerebral Infarction and Neuroprotective Potential in Experimental Occlusive Stroke.- Temporal Profiles of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent and -Independent Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in the Rat Brain Microvessels Following Cerebral Ischemia.- Effect of a New Calcium Antagonist (SM-6586) on Experimental Cerebral Ischemia.- The Effect of BAY K-8644 on Cytotoxic Edema Induced by Total Ischemia of Rat Brain.- Ltc4/Ltb4 Alterations in Rat Forebrain Ischemia and Reperfusion and Effects of AA-861, CV-3988.- Blocking of Interleukin-1 Activity is a Beneficial Approach to Ischemia Brain Edema Formation.- Complete Cerebral Ischemia, Prostacyclin Deficiency, and Therapeutic Possibilities.- Histochemical Demonstration of Free Radicals (H2O2) in Ischcmic Brain Edema and Protective Effects of Human Recombinant Superoxide Dismutase on Ischcmic Neuronal Damage.- Tirilazad Reduces Brain Edema After Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in Hypertensive Rats.- Riboflavin Reduces Edema in Focal Cerebral Ischemia.- Effect of YM737, a New Glutathione Analogue, on Ischcmic Brain Edema.- Comparison of the Effects of Glycerol, Mannitol, and Urea on Ischcmic Hippocampal Damage in Gerbils.- The Effect of Alkalizing Agents on Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia.- Effect of Acetazolamide on Early Ischcmic Cerebral Edema in Gerbils.- Neurotropin Treatment of Brain Edema Accompanying, Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction.- Anti-Ischemia Activity of HU-211, a Non-Psychotropic Synthetic Cannabinoid.- Tumor and Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Laboratory Studies.- Simultaneous Measurement of Bidirectional Capillary Permeability, Vascular Volume, Extracellular Space, and rCBF in Experimental Gliomas and Surrounding Edema.- Quantitative Diffusion MR Imaging of Cerebral Tumor and Edema.- Localization of Experimental Brain Tumors in MRI by Gadolinium Porphyrin.- Proton MR Spectroscopy of Experimental Brain Tumors in vivo.- MRI Contrast Enhancement by Mn-TPPS in Experimental Rat Brain Tumor with Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors.- MRI Contrast Enhancement by Gd-DTPA-Monoclonal Antibody in 9L Glioma Rats.- Tumor and Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Clinical Studies.- Peritumoral Edema in Meningioma: a Contrast Enhanced CT Study.- A Study on Peritumoral Brain Edema Around Meningiomas by MRI and Contrast CT.- Peritumoral Brain Edema and Cortical Damage by Meningioma.- Formation and Resolution of Human Peritumoral Brain Edema.- Peri-Tumoural Hypoxia in Human Brain: Peroperative Measurement of the Tissue Oxygen Tension Around Malignant Brain Tumours.- Does Tumour Related Oedema Contribute to the Hypoxic Fraction of Human Brain Tumours?.- Peritumoral Brain Edema Associated with Pediatric Brain Tumors: Characteristics of Peritumoral Edema in Developing Brain.- Perivascular Edema Fluid Pathway in Xstrocytic Tumors.- The Plasma and Csf Vasopressin Levels in Brain Tumors with Brain Edema.- The CSF Aldosterone in Brain Tumors with Brain Edema.- Tumor and Brain Edema: Treatment.- The Effects of Topical Dexamethasone on Experimental Brain Tumors and Peritumoral Brain Edema.- Effect of Histamine on the Blood-Tumor Barrier in Transplanted Rat Brain Tumors.- Selective Increase in Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability by Calcium Antagonists in Transplanted Rat Brain Tumors.- Induced Hyperthermia in Brain Tissue in vivo.- Partial Deuteration and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Permeability.- Quantitation of Peritumoural Oedema and the Effect of Steroids Using NMR-Relaxation Time Imaging and Blood-Brain Barrier Analysis.- Resolution of Peritumoral Brain Edema Following Excision of Meningioma.- Traumatic Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Laboratory Studies.- Traumatic Brain Edema: an Overview.- Growth Kinetics of a Primary Brain Tissue Necrosis from a Focal Lesion.- Focal Brain Injury: Histological Evidence of Delayed Inflammatory Response in a New Rodent Model of Focal Cortical Injury.- Development of Traumatic Brain Edema in Old versus Young Rats.- Differences in Wound Healing Pattern Between Mature and Immature Brain Behavior of Extravasated Serum Protein.- Dynamics of Posttraumatic Brain Swelling Following a Cyrogenic Injury in Rats.- Blood-Brain Barrier, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cerebral Plasma Volume Immediately After Head Injury in the Rat.- Long Term Exposure to Heat Reduces Edema Formation After Closed Head Injury in the Rat.- Metabolic Changes Following Cortical Contusion: Relationships to Edema and Morphological Changes.- Retraction Induced Brain Edema.- The Cause of Acute Brain Swelling After the Closed Head Injury in Rats.- Quantitative Analysis of Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Two Models of Experimental Head Injury in the Rat.- Transdural Cortical Stabbing Facilitates the Drainage of Edema Fluid Out of Cold-Injured Brain.- Traumatic Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Clinical Studies.- Massive Astrocytic Swelling in Response to Extracellular Glutamate - a Possible Mechanism for Post-Traumatic Brain Swelling?.- Testing of Cerebral Autoregulation in Head Injury by Waveform Analysis of Blood Flow Velocity and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure.- Gadolinium DTPA-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebral Contusions.- Neurochemical Monitoring and On-Line pH Measurements Using Brain Microdialysis in Patients in Intensive Care.- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Trends in Head Injured Patients with Focal Contusions and Cerebral Edema.- The Effect of Blood Volume Replacement on the Mortality of Head-Injured Patient..- Monitoring of Rectal, Epidural, and Intraventricular Temperature in Neurosurgical Patients.- Traumatic Brain Edema: Treatment.- A High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Experimental Vasogenic Brain Edema and its Response to Avs: 1,2-Bis (Nicotinamido)-Propane.- 7.2% NaCl/10% Dextran 60 versus 20% Mannitol for Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension.- 31 P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study on the Effect of Glycerol on Cold-Induced Brain Edema.- Treatment of Vasogenic Brain Edema with Arginine Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist - an Experimental Study.- Attenuation of Hemispheric Swelling Associated with Acute Subdural Hematomas by Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonist in Rats.- Effect of Platelet-Activating Factor Antagonist on Brain Injury in Rats.- Naloxone Reduces Alterations in Evoked Potentials and Edema in Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord.- 21 -Aminosteroid U-74389F Reduces Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Effect of Torasemide on Intracranial Pressure, Mean Systemic Arterial Pressure, and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Experimental Brain Edema of the Rat.- Administration of an OmegaConopeptide One Hour Following Traumatic Brain Injury Reduces 45Calcium Accumulation.- Excitatory Amino Acid Release from Contused Brain Tissue into Surrounding Brain Areas.- Combined Treatment with Nicardipine, Phenobarbital, and Methylprednisolone Ameliorates Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Treatment of Traumatic Brain Edema by Multiple Doses of Mannitol.- Therapeutical Efficacy of a Novel Chloride Transport Blocker and an IP3-Analogue in Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Pharmacokinetic Study of Mannitol in Subjects with Increased Icp.- Systemic Management of Cerebral Edema Based on a New Concept in Severe Head Injury Patients.- Propofol Sedation in Severe Head Injury Fails to Control High ICP, but Reduces Brain Metabolism.- High Colloid Oncotic Therapy for Contusional Brain Edema.- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Serum Glycerol in Patients with Brain Edema: Comparison of Oral and Intraveneous Administration.- Intracerebral Hematoma and Various Edema Pathophysiology.- The Effects of Blood or Plasma Clot on Brain Edema in the Rat with Intracerebral Hemorrhage.- Chronological Changes in Brain Edema Induced by Experimental Intracerebral Hematoma in Cats.- Cerebral Oedema Following Intracerebral Haemorrhage: the Effect of the Nmda Receptor Antagonists MK-801 and D-CPPene.- Sequential Change of Brain Edema by Semiquantitative Measurement on MRI in Patients with Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage.- High Colloid Oncotic Therapy for Brain Edema with Cerebral Hemorrhage.- Brain Osmolyte Content and Blood-Brain Barrier Water Permeability Surface Area Product in Osmotic Edema.- A Square Signal Wave Method for Measurement of Brain Extra- and Intracellular Water Content.- The Efficacy of Shunting the Hydrocephalic Edema.- Author Index.