Main description:

This volume is a compilation of papers presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Brain Edema held on October 20-23, 1996, in San Diego, California. This follows the sequence of meetings that was initiated 31 years ago in the First International Symposium held in Vienna. Subsequent symposiums were held in Mainz, Montreal, Berlin, Groningen, Tokyo, Baltimore, Bern, and Tokyo CY okohama). A considerable number of papers was chosen from over 100 papers that were received. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the excellent work done in selection of the papers. We also wish to thank all the persons who contributed to the success of the Tenth International Symposium, especially the staff who worked behind the scenes. These papers were reviewed, edited, approved or disapproved by the Editorial Board. Those manuscripts that were felt not pertinent to this publication were not accepted by the Editorial Board. Therefore, the excellent quality of those that are in the book are a reflection of the authors' dedication and work and that of those of the Editorial Board in their review process. For the reader's convenience, the papers are structured according to the various disease processes which are associated with the primary topic: hypertension, hydrocephalus, infection, ischemia, tumor, etc. We do hope that the reader will enjoy the articles and that they will provide an impetus and insight for future work.

Contents:

Section I - Ischemia.- Glutamate Uptake and Na,K-ATPase Activity in Rat Astrocyte Cultures Exposed to Ischemia.- The Role of Calcium Ion in Anoxia/Reoxygenation Damage of Cultured Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells.- Hypoxia Modulates Free Radical Formation in Brain Microvascular Endothelium.- Increase in Surface Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin in Human Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Cells Subjected to Ischemia-Like Insults.- Assessment of the Relationship Between Ischemic Damage and Brain Swelling in Frozen Brain Slices.- Brain Edema Associated with Progressive Selective Neuronal Death or Impending Infarction in the Cerebral Cortex.- Blood Volume and Flow Velocity Through Parenchymal Microvessels in Ischemic Brain Edema of Rats.- Hyperglycemia and the Vascular Effects of Cerebral Ischemia.- The Effect of Non-Competitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonism on Cerebral Oedema and Cerebral Infarct Size in the Aging Ischaemic Brain.- Effects of Hyperglycemia on Cerebral Blood Flow and Edema Formation After Carotid Artery Occlusion in Fischer 344 Rats.- The Mechanism of Free Radical Generation in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells After Anoxia and Reoxygenation.- Mannitol Decreases ICP but Does Not Improve Brain-Tissue pO2 in Severely Head-Injured Patients with Intracranial Hypertension.- A Chronological Evaluation of Experimental Brain Infarct by Diffusion-Mapping and Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging.- Ultrastructure of Astrocytes Associated with Selective Neuronal Death of Cerebral Cortex After Repeated Ischemia.- Heterogenous Distribution of Early Energy Failure in Experimental Focal Ischemia of the Cat Brain.- Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions in Global Cerebral Ischemia.- Selective Impairments of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Activity During Aging and Ischemic Brain Damage.- Regional Differences in the Cerebrovascular Reserve Following Acute Global Ischemia in Rabbits.- Edema Formation Exacerbates Neurological and Histological Outcomes After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase Gene Knockout Mutant Mice.- Therapeutic Dose and Timing of Administration of RNA Synthesis Inhibitors for Preventing Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- Section II - Trauma.- Traumatic Brain Swelling in Head Injured Patients: Brain Edema or Vascular Engorgement?.- Evaluation of Homeostatic Changes in CSF Circulation: In vivo Analysis of the Effect of Neurotransmitter Accumulation in the Extracellular Space Following Transient Global Ischemia.- Detection of Brain Atrophy Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using Gravimetric Techniques.- Altered Brain Oxygen Extraction with Hypoxia and Hypotension Following Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest.- Posttraumatic Edema in the Corpus Callosum Shown by MRI.- Detection of Lipid Peroxidation and Hydroxyl Radicals in Brain Contusion of Rats.- Time Course of Tissue Elasticity and Fluidity in Vasogenic Brain Edema.- The Penumbra Zone of a Traumatic Cortical Lesion: a Microdialysis Study of Excitatory Amino Acid Release.- Assessment of Regional Cortical Blood Flow Following Traumatic Lesion of the Brain.- Comparison of the Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 Response in Children After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury or Septic Shock.- Changes of MPO Activity and Brain Water Accumulation in Traumatic Brain Injury Experiments.- Hemodynamic Depression and Micro-thrombosis in the Peripheral Areas of Cortical Contusion in the Rat: Role of Platelet Activating Factor.- Characterisation of Brain Edema Following "Controlled Cortical Impact Injury" in Rats.- The Role of Adenosine During the Period of Delayed Cerebral Swelling After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans.- Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Patients with Severe Brain Injury and Elevated Intracranial Pressure.- MRI Diffusion-Weighted Spectroscopy of Reversible and Irreversible Ischemic Injury Following Closed Head Injury.- Biphasic Pathophysiological Response of Vasogenic and Cellular Edema in Traumatic Brain Swelling.- Intracranial Pressure in a Modified Experimental Model of Closed Head Injury.- Hypertonic/Hyperoncotic Saline Reliably Reduces ICP in Severely Head-Injured Patients with Intracranial Hypertension.- Topical Application of Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Reduces Edema and Upregulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord.- Prostaglandins Modulate Constitutive Isoform of Heat Shock Protein (72 kD) Response Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord.- Section III - Cellular Swelling and Injury.- The Effect of Endothelins on Ion Transport Systems in Cultured Rat Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells.- Neurotoxicity of Serum Components, Comparison Between CA1 and Striatum.- Role of Calcium Ions in Acidosis-Induced Glial Swelling.- Glutamate Induced Astroglial Swelling - Methods and Mechanisms.- Impaired Learning of Active Avoidance in Water-Intoxicated Rats.- Topical Application of 5-HT Antibodies Reduces Edema and Cell Changes Following Trauma of the Rat Spinal Cord.- Section IV - Neoplasms.- Steroids Decrease Uptake of Carboplatin in Rat Gliomas - Uptake Improved by Intracarotid Infusion of Bradykinin Analog, RMP-7.- Effect of Glycerol on Blood Flow Distribution in Tumoral and Peritumoral Brain Tissue.- Assessment of Vasoreactivity in Brain Edema by Acetazolamide Activation SPECT and PET.- Tumor Specific Contrast Enhancement Study of Mn-Metalloporphyrin (ATN-10) - Comparison of Rat Brain Tumor Model, Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Edema Models.- Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) Mapping of Experimental Brain Tumor.- The Origin of Lactate in Peritumoral Edema as Measured by Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging.- Section V - Therapy.- Neuroprotective Properties of a Novel Antioxidant (U-101033E) with Improved Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Focal Cerebral Ischemia.- Effect of ?-Trinositol on Swelling and Damage of Glial Cells by Lactacidosis and Glutamate.- Effects of Lecithinized SOD on Contusion Injury in Rats.- Extracellular Changes of Taurine in the Peri-Infarct Zone: Effect of Lubeluzole.- Effect of Tromethamine (THAM) on Infarct Volume Following Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.- Antioxidant, OPC-14117, Attenuates Edema Formation and Behavioral Deficits Following Cortical Contusion in Rats.- OPC-21268, an Orally Effective, Nonpeptide Arginine Vasopressin V1 Receptor Antagonist Reduces Vasogenic Brain Edema.- Treatment of Acute Intracranial Hypertension with RU 51599, a Selective Kappa Opioid Agonist.- The Effect of Nitric Oxide Inhibition on Ischemic Brain Edema.- Blood-Brain Barrier Disturbances After rt-PA Treatment of Thromboembolic Stroke in the Rat.- The Effect of Dotarizine (Ca2+ Channel Blocker) on Cerebral Vessel Reactivity in Animals Subjected to Hyperventilation and Anoxia.- Section VI - Molecular Mechanisms.- Substance P Endopeptidase Activity in the Rat Spinal Cord Following Injury: Influence of the New Anti-Oxidant Compound H 290/51.- Benzodiazepine Receptors Influence Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials and Edema Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord.- Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases Following Brain Injury in Rats.- Expression of Annexin and Annexin-mRNA in Rat Brain Under Influence of Steroid Drugs.- Role of Protein Kinase C in Acidosis Induced Glial Swelling - Current Understanding.- Dependence of Basal Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Vascular Resistance in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Upon Vasoconstrictor Prostanoids.- Section VII - Blood Brain Barrier.- The Mechanism of Reversible Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Role of Intracellular Calcium Ion in Capillary Endothelial Cells.- Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Edema Formation, and Apoptotic Neuronal Death Following Cold Injury.- Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, HSP70 Expression and Apoptosis Due to 3-Nitropropionic Acid, a Mitochondrial Toxin.- Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown Occurs Early After Traumatic Brain Injury and is not Related to White Blood Cell Adherence.- Acute Blood-Brain Barrier Changes in Experimental Closed Head Injury as Measured by MRI and GD-DTPA.- Transport of Human ?-Amyloid Peptide Through the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier After Global Cerebral Ischemia.- Enhanced Brain Opioid Receptor Activity Precedes Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.- Section VIII - Thermal Effects.- The Effects of MethylmethacrylateO's Hyperthermic Polymerization on Cerebral Vascular Permeability.- Intraischemic Hypothermia During Pretreatment with Sublethal Ischemia Reduces the Induction of Ischemic Tolerance in the Gerbil Hippocampus.- The Relationship Between Brain Temperature and Neutrophil Accumulation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.- Effect of Mild and Moderate Hypothermia on the Acidosis-Induced Swelling of Glial Cells.- Cerebral Vascular Response to Hypertonic Fluid Resuscitation in Thermal Injury.- Morphologic Analysis of the Cerebral Microcirculation After Thermal Injury and the Response to Fluid Resuscitation.- Role of Neurochemicals in Brain Edema and Cell Changes Following Hyperthermic Brain Injury in the Rat.- Acute Heat Stress Induces Edema and Nitric Oxide Synthase Upregulation and Down-Regulates mRNA Levels of the NMDAR1, NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B Subunits in the Rat Hippocampus.- Section IX - Miscellaneous.- Choroid Plexus Ion Transporter Expression and Cerebrospinal Fluid Secretion.- Effect of Infection Brain Edema on NMDA Receptor Binding in Rat Brain in vivo.- The Rapid Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Ventricles to Cisterns via Subarachnoid Velae in the Normal Rat.- Quantitative Analysis of Brain Edema Resolution into the Cerebral Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space.- Responses of Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation to Activation of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex During Electrical Stimulation of the Forearm.- A New Model of Spinal Cord Edema.- Assessment of the CAMINO Intracranial Pressure Device in Clinical Practice.- Author Index.- Index of Keywords.